Mount Pinatubo information

Mount Pinatubo
Mount Pinatubo
	Mount Pinatubo crater lake in 2012
Highest point
Elevation	1,486 m (4,875 ft) (current); 1,745 m (5,725 ft) (before 1991 eruption);
Listing	Active volcanoes in the Philippines
Coordinates	15°08′30″N 120°21′00″E / 15.14167°N 120.35000°E
Naming
Language of name	Tagalog
Pronunciation	/ˌpiːnəˈtuːboʊ/
Geography
	Mount Pinatubo Location within the Philippines
Location	Luzon
Country	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon
Provinces	Pampanga; Tarlac; Zambales;
Parent range	Zambales Mountains
Geology
Age of rock	Between 635,000 ± 80,000; and 1.1 ± 0.09 million years
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	Luzon Volcanic Arc
Last eruption	November 30, 2021

Mount Pinatubo^[4] is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon.^[5]^[6] Its eruptive history was unknown to most before the pre-eruption volcanic activity of early 1991. Pinatubo was heavily eroded and obscured from view by dense forests which supported a population of several thousand indigenous Aetas.

Pinatubo is most notorious for its VEI-6 eruption on June 15, 1991, the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska.^[7] Complicating the eruption was the arrival of Typhoon Yunya, bringing a lethal mix of ash and rain to towns and cities surrounding the volcano. Predictions at the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas, saving many lives. Surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic surges, pyroclastic falls, and subsequently, by the flooding lahars caused by rainwater re-mobilizing earlier volcanic deposits. This caused extensive destruction to infrastructure and changed river systems for years after the eruption.^[7]^[8] Minor dome-forming eruptions inside the caldera continued from 1992 to 1993.

The effects of the 1991 eruption were felt worldwide. It erupted roughly 10 billion tonnes (1.1×10¹⁰ short tons) or 10 km³ (2.4 cu mi) of magma, and 20 million tonnes (22 million short tons) of SO
₂, bringing vast quantities of minerals and toxic metals to the surface environment. It ejected more particulate into the stratosphere than any eruption since Krakatoa in 1883. Over the following months, the aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze. Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in the years 1991–1993,^[9] and ozone depletion temporarily saw a substantial increase.^[10]

^ "Pinatubo". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "Pinatubo Volcano". The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ "Pinatubo: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Sambal: Bakil nin Pinatobo; Kapampangan: Bunduk/Bulkan ning Pinatubu, Bunduk ning Apu Malyari; Pangasinan: Palandey/Bulkan na Pinatubu; Ilocano: Bantay Pinatubo; Tagalog: Bundok/Bulkang Pinatubo IPA: [pinɐtubɔ]
^ "Tarlac map". University of Texas in Austin Library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
^ "Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 Vol. III" Archived November 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pg. 141. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.
^ ^a ^b "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Rodolfo; Umbal; Alonso. "Two Years of Lahars on the Western Flank of Mount Pinatubo: Initiation, Flow Processes, Deposits, and Attendant Geomorphic and Hydraulic Changes". USGS Publications. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ Stephen Self; Jing-Xia Zhao; Rick E. Holasek; Ronnie C. Torres & Joey McTaggart (1999). "The Atmospheric Impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption". Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ "Mt. Pinatubo's cloud shades global climate". Science News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

[SI-1] "Pinatubo". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.

[2] "Pinatubo Volcano". The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2008.

[3] "Pinatubo: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

[4] Sambal: Bakil nin Pinatobo; Kapampangan: Bunduk/Bulkan ning Pinatubu, Bunduk ning Apu Malyari; Pangasinan: Palandey/Bulkan na Pinatubu; Ilocano: Bantay Pinatubo; Tagalog: Bundok/Bulkang Pinatubo IPA: [pinɐtubɔ]

[Topo-5] "Tarlac map". University of Texas in Austin Library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2011.

[6] "Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 Vol. III" Archived November 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pg. 141. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.

[Pinatubo1991-7] "The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines". Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[8] Rodolfo; Umbal; Alonso. "Two Years of Lahars on the Western Flank of Mount Pinatubo: Initiation, Flow Processes, Deposits, and Attendant Geomorphic and Hydraulic Changes". USGS Publications. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[9] Stephen Self; Jing-Xia Zhao; Rick E. Holasek; Ronnie C. Torres & Joey McTaggart (1999). "The Atmospheric Impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption". Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.

[Science_News-10] "Mt. Pinatubo's cloud shades global climate". Science News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

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