Substance that decreases activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism
A xanthine oxidase inhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces the production of uric acid, and several medications that inhibit xanthine oxidase are indicated for treatment of hyperuricemia and related medical conditions including gout.[1] Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are being investigated for management of reperfusion injury.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are of two kinds: purine analogues and others. Purine analogues include allopurinol, oxypurinol,[2] and tisopurine. Others include febuxostat,[3] topiroxostat, and inositols (phytic acid and myo-inositol[citation needed]).
In experiments, numerous natural products have been found to inhibit xanthine oxidase in vitro or in model animals (mice, rats). These include three flavonoids that occur in many different fruits and vegetables: kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin.[4][5] More generally, planar flavones and flavonols with a 7-hydroxyl group inhibit xanthine oxidase.[6] An essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum osmophloeum inhibits xanthine oxidase in mice.[7] The natural product propolis from selected sources inhibits xanthine oxidase in rats; the specific substance responsible for this inhibition has not been identified, and the generality of these findings is unknown.[8] An extract of leaves of Pistacia integerrima also inhibits xanthine oxidase at a level that appears to merit further research.[9]
In folk medicine the tree fern Cyathea spinulosa (formerly Alsophila spinulosa) has been used for gout, but its most active component, caffeic acid, is only a weak inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.[10]
^Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C (March 2006). "Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol". Pharmacol. Rev. 58 (1): 87–114. doi:10.1124/pr.58.1.6. PMC 2233605. PMID 16507884.
^Iwanaga T, Kobayashi D, Hirayama M, Maeda T, Tamai I (December 2005). "Involvement of uric acid transporter in increased renal clearance of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor oxypurinol induced by a uricosuric agent, benzbromarone". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 33 (12): 1791–5. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.006056. PMID 16135657. S2CID 16377221.
^Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Wortmann RL, et al. (March 2005). "Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 52 (3): 916–23. doi:10.1002/art.20935. PMID 15751090.
^Procházková D, Boušová I, Wilhelmová N (2011). "Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids". Fitoterapia. 82 (4): 513–523. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.01.018. PMID 21277359.
^Selloum L, Reichl S, Müller M, Sebihi L, Arnhold J (November 2001). "Effects of flavonols on the generation of superoxide anion radicals by xanthine oxidase and stimulated neutrophils". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 395 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2562. PMID 11673865.
^Nagao A, Seki M, Kobayashi H (October 1999). "Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by flavonoids". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 63 (10): 1787–90. doi:10.1271/bbb.63.1787. PMID 10671036.
^Wang SY, Yang CW, Liao JW, Zhen WW, Chu FH, Chang ST (August 2008). "Essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum acts as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and reduces the serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice" (PDF). Phytomedicine. 15 (11): 940–5. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.002. PMID 18693097.
^Yoshizumi K, Nishioka N, Tsuji T (March 2005). "プロポリスのキサンチンオキシダーゼ活性阻害作用及び血漿尿酸値低下作用 [Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and hypouricemia effect of propolis in rats]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 125 (3): 315–21. doi:10.1248/yakushi.125.315. PMID 15738631.
^Ahmad NS, Farman M, Najmi MH, Mian KB, Hasan A (May 2008). "Pharmacological basis for use of Pistacia integerrima leaves in hyperuricemia and gout". J Ethnopharmacol. 117 (3): 478–82. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.031. PMID 18420362.
^Chiang HC, Lo YJ, Lu FJ (1994). "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the leaves of Alsophila spinulosa (Hook) Tryon". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition. 8 (1): 61–71. doi:10.3109/14756369409040777. PMID 7539070.
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A xanthineoxidaseinhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthineoxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. In humans, inhibition...
Xanthineoxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze...
harm, this use has not been well studied. Allopurinol is in the xanthineoxidaseinhibitor family of medications. Allopurinol was approved for medical use...
subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthineoxidase enzyme. Xanthine is used as a drug precursor for human and animal medications...
non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthineoxidase. It works by non-competitively blocking the molybdenum pterin center, which is the active site of xanthineoxidase. Xanthine...
Benzbromarone is a uricosuric agent and non-competitive inhibitor of xanthineoxidase used in the treatment of gout, especially when allopurinol, a first-line...
Xanthineoxidaseinhibitors, including allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat, decrease the production of uric acid, by interfering with xanthine oxidase...
Iinuma M, Matsuda H (July 2009). "Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthineoxidaseinhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle". Journal of Natural...
Amflutizole is a xanthineoxidaseinhibitor used for the treatment of gout. O'Regan MH, Smith-Barbour M, Perkins LM, Cao X, Phillis JW (October 1994)....
from C. osmophloeum, has numerous commercial uses. Also, it is a xanthineoxidaseinhibitor, hence a potential drug for treatment of hyperuricemia and related...
compound present in leaves of Piper betle. It is a more potent inhibitor of xanthineoxidase (IC50=16.7 μM) than allopurinol. It might be a useful new compound...
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Oxipurinol (INN, or oxypurinol USAN) is an inhibitor of xanthineoxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases...
as xanthineoxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase...
create hypoxanthine Xanthineoxidase catalyzes the biotransformation of hypoxanthine to xanthineXanthineoxidase acts upon xanthine to create uric acid...
patients who have not achieved target uric acid levels with a xanthineoxidaseinhibitor alone. The drug is contraindicated in people with tumour lysis...
dehydrogenase and rarely as an oxidase, despite its name.) Xanthine in turn is produced from other purines. Xanthineoxidase is a large enzyme whose active...
function of xanthineoxidase in the purine degradation pathway. Xanthineoxidase will degrade hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. Xanthine is not...
show that quercetin is a strong inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. Drugs that are metabolized...
with use of allopurinol or rasburicase. Allopurinol (a xanthineoxidaseinhibitor, which inhibits uric acid production) works by preventing the formation...
antibacterial and antifungal properties. Cinnamaldehyde is a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other alloys. It is believed to form a protective film on...
A Janus kinase inhibitor, also known as JAK inhibitor or jakinib, is a type of immune modulating medication, which inhibits the activity of one or more...
strong binding affinity to the dietary minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption in the small intestine. The lower inositol polyphosphates...
RC (January 1971). "Reaction of formaldehyde and of methanol with xanthineoxidase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 18 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033...
Interaction Study of a Novel Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor, SHR4640, and XanthineOxidaseInhibitor, Febuxostat, in Patients With Primary Hyperuricemia"...
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