Molybdenum information

Molybdenum, ₄₂Mo
Molybdenum
Pronunciation	/məˈlɪbdənəm/ (mə-LIB-də-nəm)
Appearance	gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mo)
	95.95±0.01; 95.95±0.01 (abridged);
Molybdenum in the periodic table
	niobium ← molybdenum → technetium
Atomic number (Z)	42
Group	group 6
Period	period 5
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d5 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 13, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2896 K (2623 °C, 4753 °F)
Boiling point	4912 K (4639 °C, 8382 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	10.223 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	9.33 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	37.48 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	598 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.06 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[citation needed] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.16
Ionization energies	1st: 684.3 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1560 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2618 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 139 pm
Covalent radius	154±5 pm
	Spectral lines of molybdenum
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 314.71 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.10×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	138 W/(m⋅K)
Thermal diffusivity	54.3 mm2/s (at 300 K)
Electrical resistivity	53.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+89.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	329 GPa
Shear modulus	126 GPa
Bulk modulus	230 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	5.5
Vickers hardness	1400–2740 MPa
Brinell hardness	1370–2500 MPa
CAS Number	7439-98-7
History
Discovery	Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1778)
First isolation	Peter Jacob Hjelm (1781)
Isotopes of molybdenum v; e;
γ	–
	Category: Molybdenum; view; talk; edit; \| references

Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin molybdaenum) and atomic number 42. The name derived from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores.^[10] Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.^[11]

Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals. The free element, a silvery metal with a grey cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of the world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.

Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water, but when molybdenum-bearing minerals contact oxygen and water, the resulting molybdate ion MoO²⁻
₄ is quite soluble. Industrially, molybdenum compounds (about 14% of world production of the element) are used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications as pigments and catalysts.

Molybdenum-bearing enzymes are by far the most common bacterial catalysts for breaking the chemical bond in atmospheric molecular nitrogen in the process of biological nitrogen fixation. At least 50 molybdenum enzymes are now known in bacteria, plants, and animals, although only bacterial and cyanobacterial enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation. These nitrogenases contain an iron–molybdenum cofactor FeMoco, which is believed to contain either Mo(III) or Mo(IV).^[12]^[13] This is distinct from the fully oxidized Mo(VI) found complexed with molybdopterin in all other molybdenum-bearing enzymes, which perform a variety of crucial functions.^[14] The variety of crucial reactions catalyzed by these latter enzymes means that molybdenum is an essential element for all higher eukaryote organisms, including humans.

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Molybdenum". CIAAW. 2013.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ "Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
^ Lindemann, A.; Blumm, J. (2009). Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum. Vol. 3. 17th Plansee Seminar.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ ^a ^b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Kajan, I.; Heinitz, S.; Kossert, K.; Sprung, P.; Dressler, R.; Schumann, D. (2021-10-05). "First direct determination of the ⁹³Mo half-life". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99253-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8492754. PMID 34611245.
^ Lide, David R., ed. (1994). "Molybdenum". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 4. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8493-0474-3.
^ "It's Elemental – The Element Molybdenum". Science Education at Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
^ Bjornsson, Ragnar; Neese, Frank; Schrock, Richard R.; Einsle, Oliver; DeBeer, Serena (2015). "The discovery of Mo(III) in FeMoco: reuniting enzyme and model chemistry". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 20 (2): 447–460. doi:10.1007/s00775-014-1230-6. ISSN 0949-8257. PMC 4334110. PMID 25549604.
^ Van Stappen, Casey; Davydov, Roman; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Fan, Ruixi; Guo, Yisong; Bill, Eckhard; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M.; DeBeer, Serena (2019-09-16). "Spectroscopic Description of the E1 State of Mo Nitrogenase Based on Mo and Fe X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer Studies". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (18): 12365–12376. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01951. ISSN 0020-1669. PMC 6751781. PMID 31441651.
^ Leimkühler, Silke (2020). "The biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactors in Escherichia coli". Environmental Microbiology. 22 (6): 2007–2026. Bibcode:2020EnvMi..22.2007L. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15003. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 32239579.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Molybdenum". CIAAW. 2013.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[4] "Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.

[5] Lindemann, A.; Blumm, J. (2009). Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum. Vol. 3. 17th Plansee Seminar.

[6] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[7] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-8] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[93Mo-9] Kajan, I.; Heinitz, S.; Kossert, K.; Sprung, P.; Dressler, R.; Schumann, D. (2021-10-05). "First direct determination of the ⁹³Mo half-life". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99253-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8492754. PMID 34611245.

[CRCdescription2-10] Lide, David R., ed. (1994). "Molybdenum". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 4. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8493-0474-3.

[11] "It's Elemental – The Element Molybdenum". Science Education at Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-07-03.

[12] Bjornsson, Ragnar; Neese, Frank; Schrock, Richard R.; Einsle, Oliver; DeBeer, Serena (2015). "The discovery of Mo(III) in FeMoco: reuniting enzyme and model chemistry". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 20 (2): 447–460. doi:10.1007/s00775-014-1230-6. ISSN 0949-8257. PMC 4334110. PMID 25549604.

[13] Van Stappen, Casey; Davydov, Roman; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Fan, Ruixi; Guo, Yisong; Bill, Eckhard; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M.; DeBeer, Serena (2019-09-16). "Spectroscopic Description of the E1 State of Mo Nitrogenase Based on Mo and Fe X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer Studies". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (18): 12365–12376. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01951. ISSN 0020-1669. PMC 6751781. PMID 31441651.

[14] Leimkühler, Silke (2020). "The biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactors in Escherichia coli". Environmental Microbiology. 22 (6): 2007–2026. Bibcode:2020EnvMi..22.2007L. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15003. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 32239579.

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