The flow of genetic information within a cell. DNA is initially transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is then translated into a protein. (See Central dogma of molecular biology.)mRNA structure, approximately to scale for a human mRNA
In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the 5' UTR (or leader sequence), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the 3' UTR (or trailer sequence). mRNA is RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis (translation) within a cell. The mRNA is initially transcribed from the corresponding DNA sequence and then translated into protein. However, several regions of the mRNA are usually not translated into protein, including the 5' and 3' UTRs.
Although they are called untranslated regions, and do not form the protein-coding region of the gene, uORFs located within the 5' UTR can be translated into peptides.[1]
The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation. The mechanism of translation initiation differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The 3' UTR is found immediately following the translation stop codon. The 3' UTR plays a critical role in translation termination as well as post-transcriptional modification.[2]
These often long sequences were once thought to be useless or junk mRNA that has simply accumulated over evolutionary time. However, it is now known that the untranslated region of mRNA is involved in many regulatory aspects of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. The importance of these non-coding regions is supported by evolutionary reasoning, as natural selection would have otherwise eliminated this unusable RNA.
It is important to distinguish the 5' and 3' UTRs from other non-protein-coding RNA. Within the coding sequence of pre-mRNA, there can be found sections of RNA that will not be included in the protein product. These sections of RNA are called introns. The RNA that results from RNA splicing is a sequence of exons. The reason why introns are not considered untranslated regions is that the introns are spliced out in the process of RNA splicing. The introns are not included in the mature mRNA molecule that will undergo translation and are thus considered non-protein-coding RNA.
^Vilela, Cristina; McCarthy, John E. G. (2003-08-01). "Regulation of fungal gene expression via short open reading frames in the mRNA 5'untranslated region". Molecular Microbiology. 49 (4): 859–867. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03622.x. ISSN 0950-382X. PMID 12890013.
^Barrett, Lucy W; Fletcher, Sue; Wilton, Steve D (2013). Untranslated Gene Regions and Other Non-Coding Elements. Springer. ISBN 978-3-0348-0679-4.
and 24 Related for: Untranslated region information
In molecular genetics, an untranslatedregion (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If...
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslatedregion (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination...
The 5′ untranslatedregion (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly...
exact same thing: the exon is composed of the coding region as well as the 3' and 5' untranslated regions of the RNA, and so therefore, an exon would be...
DNA double-strand breaks. Many mRNAs in S. aureus carry three prime untranslated regions (3'UTR) longer than 100 nucleotides, which may potentially have...
and omit those exons that become part of a non-coding RNA or the untranslatedregion of an mRNA. Such incorrect definitions still occur in overall reputable...
prime untranslatedregion (5' UTR) and three prime untranslatedregion (3' UTR), respectively. These regions are transcribed with the coding region and...
a 5′ untranslatedregion (5′UTR), a protein-coding region or open reading frame (ORF), and a 3′ untranslatedregion (3′UTR). The coding region carries...
mitochondria and plastids. The start codon is often preceded by a 5' untranslatedregion (5' UTR). In prokaryotes this includes the ribosome binding site...
translation. Similarly, regulatory elements in the 5'-untranslatedregion and the 3'-untranslatedregion can be altered, and the length of the poly(A) tail...
RNA that has a coding region that acts as a template for protein synthesis (translation). The rest of the mRNA, the untranslated regions, tune how active...
the Woodchuck hepatitis B virus (WHV8) genome. When used in the 3' untranslatedregion (UTR) of a mammalian expression cassette, it can significantly increase...
disorders. This expansion occurs at the end of the DMPK gene, in the 3' untranslatedregion. DMPK is located on the long arm of chromosome 19. DMPK codes for...
an increase in the number of CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' untranslatedregion of FMR1. Mutation at that site is found in 1 out of about every 2000...
typically untranslatedregion of the 5′ (5′ UTR) end of the mRNA transcript. A G to A mutation was described by Bohlen et al. (2017) in a Kozak-like region in...
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G20210A, a mutation in prothrombin (at position 20210 in the 3' untranslatedregion of the gene). The rare forms of congenital thrombophilia are typically...
find the ribosome. It is added at a polyadenylation site in the 3' untranslatedregion of the mRNA, cleaving the mRNA in the process. When there are multiple...
category, toxic RNAs, has repeats located in introns or in a 3' untranslatedregion of code beyond the stop codon. The third category, largely producing...
criterion, it searches for a stop codon in the 5' untranslatedregion (UTR or NTR, nontranslated region). ORFik is a R-package in Bioconductor for finding...
reading frame (uORF) is an open reading frame (ORF) within the 5' untranslatedregion (5'UTR) of an mRNA. uORFs can regulate eukaryotic gene expression...
with lymphotoxin alpha (LTA, once named as TNF-β). The three prime untranslatedregion (3'-UTR) of TNF contains an AU-rich element (ARE). TNF is primarily...
the continued translation of an mRNA strand into what should be an untranslatedregion. Most polypeptides resulting from a gene with a nonstop mutation...
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