uses tetrameric proteins to detect and quantify T cells
A tetramer assay (also known as a tetramer stain) is a procedure that uses tetrameric proteins to detect and quantify T cells that are specific for a given antigen within a blood sample.[1] The tetramers used in the assay are made up of four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are found on the surface of most cells in the body.[2] MHC molecules present peptides to T-cells as a way to communicate the presence of viruses, bacteria, cancerous mutations, or other antigens in a cell. If a T-cell's receptor matches the peptide being presented by an MHC molecule, an immune response is triggered.[3] Thus, MHC tetramers that are bioengineered to present a specific peptide can be used to find T-cells with receptors that match that peptide.
The tetramers are labeled with a fluorophore, allowing tetramer-bound T-cells to be analyzed with flow cytometry.[4] Quantification and sorting of T-cells by flow cytometry enables researchers to investigate immune response to viral infection and vaccine administration as well as functionality of antigen-specific T-cells.[5] Generally, if a person's immune system has encountered a pathogen, the individual will possess T cells with specificity toward some peptide on that pathogen. Hence, if a tetramer stain specific for a pathogenic peptide results in a positive signal, this may indicate that the person's immune system has encountered and built a response to that pathogen.[citation needed]
^"Tetramer Staining Guide". Mblintl.com. 2019.
^"Major Histocompatibility Complex". InterPro. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^"The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types". Anatomy and Physiology II. Lumen Learning. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^"MHC Tetramers". Medical and Biological Laboratories Co, Ltd (MBL). Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^Cite error: The named reference thermofisher_tetramer_tech was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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