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Apoptotic DNA fragmentation, visualised by the DNA laddering assay (left). A 1 kb marker (middle) and control DNA (right) are included for comparison.
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases, particularly the caspase-3 activated DNase (CAD),[1] with subsequent cleavage of nuclear DNA into internucleosomal fragments of roughly 180 base pairs (bp) and multiples thereof (360, 540 etc.). The apoptotic DNA fragmentation is being used as a marker of apoptosis and for identification of apoptotic cells either via the DNA laddering assay,[2] the TUNEL assay,[3][4] or the by detection of cells with fractional DNA content ("sub G1 cells") on DNA content frequency histograms e.g. as in the Nicoletti assay.[5][6]
^Sakahira, H; Enari, M; Nagata, S (January 1998). "Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis". Nature. 391 (6662): 96–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.391...96S. doi:10.1038/34214. PMID 9422513. S2CID 4329685.
^Gorczyca, W; Bruno, S; Darzynkiewicz, R; Gong, J; Darzynkiewicz, Z (Nov 1992). "DNA strand breaks occurring during apoptosis - their early insitu detection by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays and prevention by serine protease inhibitors". Int J Oncol. 1 (6): 639–48. doi:10.3892/ijo.1.6.639. PMID 21584593.
^Gavrieli, Y.; Sherman, Y.; Ben-Sasson, S. A. (1992). "Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation". The Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (3): 493–501. doi:10.1083/jcb.119.3.493. PMC 2289665. PMID 1400587.
^
Nicoletti I, Migliorati G, Pagliacci MC, Grignani F, Riccardi C (3 June 1991). "A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry". Journal of Immunological Methods. 139 (2): 271–279. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(91)90198-O. PMID 1710634.
^
Riccardi C, Nicoletti I (9 November 2006). "Analysis of apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry". Nature Protocols. 1 (3): 1458–1461. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.238. PMID 17406435. S2CID 4469406.
and 27 Related for: Apoptotic DNA fragmentation information
and DNA must be appropriate. ApoptoticDNAfragmentation is a natural fragmentation that cells perform in apoptosis (programmed cell death). DNA fragmentation...
ApoptoticDNAfragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous...
method for detecting apoptoticDNAfragmentation, widely used to identify and quantify apoptotic cells, or to detect excessive DNA breakage in individual...
indicative of apoptoticDNAfragmentation, suggesting that apoptosis may be the primary method of ctDNA release. The fragmentation of cfDNA is altered in...
These include absence of apoptotic markers (caspase activation, cytochrome c release, and oligonucleosomal DNAfragmentation) and differential kinetics...
development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal...
DNA laddering is a feature that can be observed when DNA fragments, resulting from Apoptosis DNAfragmentation are visualized after separation by gel electrophoresis...
Apoptotic protease activating factor 1, also known as APAF1, is a human homolog of C. elegans CED-4 gene. The protein was identified in the laboratory...
expression of several apoptotic genes. Anoikis Apoptosis-inducing factor Apoptosis versus Pseudoapoptosis Apoptosome ApoptoticDNAfragmentation Autolysis (biology)...
of cfDNA fragments reflect chromatosome particles (~165bp), as well as multiples of nucleosomes, which protect DNA from digestion by apoptotic nucleases...
BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities...
an apoptotic cell undergoes structural changes including cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of the DNA and...
is encoded by the CDKN2A gene. A deletion (the omission of a part of the DNA sequence during replication) in this gene can result in insufficient or non-functional...
apoptosis, where it is responsible for chromatin condensation and DNAfragmentation. Elevated levels of a fragment of Caspase-3, p17, in the bloodstream...
other forms of nuclear destruction. Microscopy of an apoptotic neutrophil with nuclear fragmentation (H&E stain) Karyolysis Zamzami N, Kroemer G (1999)...
inflammatory responses. ADP-ribosylation of HMGB1 by PARP1 inhibits removal of apoptotic cells, thereby sustaining inflammation. TLR4 binding by HMGB1 or LPS...
demonstrated that apoptotic cells are a source of eccDNAs; this was concluded on account of the study showing that apoptoticDNAfragmentation (ADF) is a prerequisite...
involved in DNA repair. DNA damage increases in mammalian cells with decreased Dicer expression as a result of decreased efficiency of DNA damage repair...
activate apoptosis. This activation of apoptosis is inhibited by the DNAfragmentation factor DFF45 but not by caspase inhibitors. Mice that lack functional...
mutation and p16 and preproenkephalin promoter hypermethylation in plasma DNA of pancreatic cancer patients: in relation to cigarette smoking". Pancreas...
and negatively regulates acinus, a nuclear factor involved in apoptoticDNAfragmentation. Its depletion enhances the cytotoxic action of chemotherapeutic...
a DNA molecule are a primary target as a catalytic site. At appropriate dosages, BLM generates morphological changes resembling typical apoptotic events...
combination of certain apoptotic and necrotic characteristics. Paraptosis does not demonstrate nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies, or definitive...
with a DNA content less than 2n ("sub-G0/G1 cells"). Such cells are usually the result of apoptoticDNAfragmentation: during apoptosis, the DNA is degraded...
parthanatos causes large scale DNAfragmentation (apoptosis only produces small scale fragmentation) and does not form apoptotic bodies. While parthanatos...
osteosarcoma, however, increase the expression of NMNAT1 upon exposure to DNA damaging agents and inactivation of the nmnat1 gene renders these cells more...
Takanori (2006-02-01). "Endonuclease Activation and Chromosomal DNAFragmentation during Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells". International Journal of Hematology...
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