a = 1.0460 nm b = 1.2861 nm c = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C)[3]
Crystal structure
beta (β-S8): monoclinic (mP48)
Lattice constants
a = 1.0923 nm b = 1.0851 nm c = 1.0787 nm β = 95.905° (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity
0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous)
Electrical resistivity
2×1015 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic[4]
Molar magnetic susceptibility
alpha (α-S8): −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[5]
Bulk modulus
7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness
2.0
CAS Number
7704-34-9
History
Discovery
before 2000 BCE[6]
Recognized as an element by
Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of sulfur
v
e
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
32S
94.8%
stable
33S
0.760%
stable
34S
4.37%
stable
35S
trace
87.37 d
β−
35Cl
36S
0.02%
stable
34S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.
Category: Sulfur
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Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.
Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most abundant on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone,[7] which means "burning stone".[8] Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.[9][10] The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, bad breath, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.
Sulfur is an essential element for all life, almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides. Amino acids (two proteinogenic: cysteine and methionine, and many other non-coded: cystine, taurine, etc.) and two vitamins (biotin and thiamine) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Many cofactors also contain sulfur, including glutathione, and iron–sulfur proteins. Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^"Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^Cite error: The named reference Greenwd was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brimstone" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 571.
^Laurence Knight (19 July 2014). "Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element". BBC.
^"Sulfur". Elements. BBC. 11 October 2014.. Download here.
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic...
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synthesis of organosulfur compounds, which are organic compounds that contain sulfur. They are often associated with foul odors, but many of the sweetest compounds...
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