Used by restriction enzymes to locate specific sequences of DNA on which to bind and subsequently cleave
Recognition sequence
The DNA sequence to which restriction enzymes bind
Restriction site
The site of the DNA sequence where it is cleaved by the restriction enzyme
Restriction fragment
A DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme
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A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase orrestrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites.[1][2][3] Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes. Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into five types, which differ in their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site, or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another. To cut DNA, all restriction enzymes make two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.
These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses.[4][5] Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction digestion; meanwhile, host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction modification system.[6]
More than 3,600 restriction endonucleases are known which represent over 250 different specificities.[7] Over 3,000 of these have been studied in detail, and more than 800 of these are available commercially.[8] These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning.[9][10][11]
^Kessler C, Manta V (August 1990). "Specificity of restriction endonucleases and DNA modification methyltransferases a review (Edition 3)". Gene. 92 (1–2): 1–248. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90486-B. PMID 2172084.
^Pingoud A, Alves J, Geiger R (1993). "Chapter 8: Restriction Enzymes". In Burrell M (ed.). Enzymes of Molecular Biology. Methods of Molecular Biology. Vol. 16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 107–200. ISBN 0-89603-234-5.
^Arber W, Linn S (1969). "DNA modification and restriction". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 38: 467–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343. PMID 4897066.
^Krüger DH, Bickle TA (September 1983). "Bacteriophage survival: multiple mechanisms for avoiding the deoxyribonucleic acid restriction systems of their hosts". Microbiological Reviews. 47 (3): 345–60. doi:10.1128/MMBR.47.3.345-360.1983. PMC 281580. PMID 6314109.
^Kobayashi I (September 2001). "Behavior of restriction-modification systems as selfish mobile elements and their impact on genome evolution". Nucleic Acids Research. 29 (18): 3742–56. doi:10.1093/nar/29.18.3742. PMC 55917. PMID 11557807.
^Roberts RJ (April 2005). "How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 5905–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC 1087929. PMID 15840723.
^Roberts RJ, Vincze T, Posfai J, Macelis D (January 2007). "REBASE--enzymes and genes for DNA restriction and modification". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (Database issue): D269-70. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl891. PMC 1899104. PMID 17202163.
^Primrose SB, Old RW (1994). Principles of gene manipulation: an introduction to genetic engineering. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0-632-03712-1.
^Micklos DA, Bloom MV, Freyer GA (1996). Laboratory DNA science: an introduction to recombinant DNA techniques and methods of genome analysis. Menlo Park, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8053-3040-2.
^Massey A, Kreuzer H (2001). Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology: A Guide for Students. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-176-0.
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A restrictionenzyme or restriction endonuclease is a special type of biological macromolecule that functions as part of the "immune system" in bacteria...
polymorphism itself, as detected through the differing locations of restrictionenzyme sites, or to a related laboratory technique by which such differences...
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In a restriction digest, DNA molecules are cleaved at specific restriction sites of 4-12 nucleotides in length by use of restrictionenzymes which recognize...
piece using Type IIS restrictionenzymes and T4 DNA ligase. This assembly is performed in vitro. Most commonly used Type IIS enzymes include BsaI, BsmBI...
declarations Restrictionenzyme, a type of enzyme that cleaves genetic material Restriction, a term in medieval supposition theory Restriction (mathematics)...
palindrome. Many restriction endonucleases (restrictionenzymes) recognize specific palindromic sequences and cut them. The restrictionenzyme EcoR1 recognizes...
sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restrictionenzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated...
is designing complementary oligonucleotide sequences that contain restrictionenzyme sites along with additional bases on the end that are complementary...
Thermus aquaticus arose at this time from the convention of giving restrictionenzymes short names, such as Sal and Hin, derived from the genus and species...
such as that borne by bacteriophages. Bacteria have restrictionenzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, which cleave double-stranded DNA at specific...
regard to sequence), while many, typically called restriction endonucleases or restrictionenzymes, cleave only at very specific nucleotide sequences...
of the two types of enzymes responsible for phage growth restriction in Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. One of these enzymes added a methyl group...
from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) is digested with restrictionenzymes, and the resulting DNA fragments are separated by using an electric...
(pronounced "eco R one") is a restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species E. coli. It is a restrictionenzyme that cleaves DNA double helices...
(pronounced "Hin D Three") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restrictionenzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic...
purified by size fractionation. Using a second enzyme, DNA ligase, fragments generated by restrictionenzymes could be joined in new combinations, termed...
Enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called...
is the use of two metal ions to catalyze the cleavage reaction of restrictionenzyme. BamHI has three critical active site residues that are important...
A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Restriction mapping requires the use of restrictionenzymes. In molecular...
genome-wide methylation profiles on a single nucleotide level. It combines restrictionenzymes and bisulfite sequencing to enrich for areas of the genome with a...
Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. They are vital for the study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition. The quantity...
example through the presence of restriction sites. The vector and the foreign DNA may be treated with a restrictionenzyme that cuts the DNA, and DNA fragments...
by restrictionenzymes that break the molecule's phosphodiester backbone at specific locations, which themselves belong to a larger class of enzymes called...
advantages compared to conventional restrictionenzyme/ligation cloning of recombinant DNA. For example, No restriction digest of the DNA fragments after...
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