growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
lactation
cell population proliferation
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
regulation of multicellular organism growth
regulation of signaling receptor activity
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of angiogenesis
positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II
birth
response to nutrient
circadian rhythm
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
response to organic cyclic compound
regulation of ossification
response to estradiol
response to lipopolysaccharide
cellular response to hormone stimulus
multicellular organismal response to stress
ovulation cycle
response to ethanol
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
mammary gland development
response to nutrient levels
positive regulation of lactation
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species
Human
Mouse
Entrez
5617
19109
Ensembl
ENSG00000172179
ENSMUSG00000021342
UniProt
P01236
P06879
RefSeq (mRNA)
NM_000948 NM_001163558
NM_001163530 NM_011164
RefSeq (protein)
NP_000939 NP_001157030
NP_001157002 NP_035294
Location (UCSC)
Chr 6: 22.29 – 22.3 Mb
Chr 13: 27.24 – 27.25 Mb
PubMed search
[3]
[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human
View/Edit Mouse
Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans.[5] Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the immune system and pancreatic development.[6][7]
Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle[8] and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen,[9] prolactin is a peptide hormone, encoded by the PRL gene.[10]
In mammals, prolactin is associated with milk production; in fish it is thought to be related to the control of water and salt balance. Prolactin also acts in a cytokine-like manner and as an important regulator of the immune system. It has important cell cycle-related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-apoptotic factor. As a growth factor, binding to cytokine-like receptors, it influences hematopoiesis and angiogenesis and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways. The hormone acts in endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine manners through the prolactin receptor and numerous cytokine receptors.[5]
Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by endocrine neurons in the hypothalamus. The most important of these are the neurosecretory tuberoinfundibulum (TIDA) neurons of the arcuate nucleus that secrete dopamine (a.k.a. Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone) to act on the D2 receptors of lactotrophs, causing inhibition of prolactin secretion. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone has a stimulatory effect on prolactin release, although prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone whose principal control is inhibitory.
Several variants and forms are known per species. Many fish have variants prolactin A and prolactin B. Most vertebrates, including humans, also have the closely related somatolactin. In humans, 14, 16, and 22 kDa variants exist.[11]
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172179 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021342 – Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ abBole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA (June 1998). "Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice". Endocrine Reviews. 19 (3): 225–68. doi:10.1210/edrv.19.3.0334. PMID 9626554.
^Ben-Jonathan N, Hugo ER, Brandebourg TD, LaPensee CR (April 2006). "Focus on prolactin as a metabolic hormone". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 17 (3): 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.005. PMID 16517173. S2CID 37979194.
^Ali M, Mirza L (1 May 2021). "Morbid Obesity Due to Prolactinoma and Significant Weight Loss After Dopamine Agonist Treatment". AACE Clinical Case Reports. 7 (3): 204–206. doi:10.1016/j.aace.2021.01.004. PMC 8165126. PMID 34095489.
^
Bates R, Riddle O (November 1935). "The preparation of prolactin". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 55 (3): 365–371.
^Friesen H, Guyda H, Hardy J (December 1970). "The biosynthesis of human growth hormone and prolactin". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 31 (6): 611–24. doi:10.1210/jcem-31-6-611. PMID 5483096.[permanent dead link]
^
Evans AM, Petersen JW, Sekhon GS, DeMars R (May 1989). "Mapping of prolactin and tumor necrosis factor-beta genes on human chromosome 6p using lymphoblastoid cell deletion mutants". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 15 (3): 203–13. doi:10.1007/BF01534871. PMID 2567059. S2CID 36302971.
^Mizutani K, Takai Y (1 January 2018), "Prolactin", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.98018-8, ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3, retrieved 10 January 2024
Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential...
levels of prolactin in the blood. Normal levels average to about 13 ng/mL in women, and 5 ng/mL in men, with an upper normal limit of serum prolactin levels...
hormone prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin inhibitors suppress and prolactin releasers induce the secretion of prolactin, respectively...
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL)...
like gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying). It raises the level of prolactin in the human body and is used off label to induce and promote breast milk...
hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the...
supplies the pituitary gland. The prolactin cells that produce prolactin, in the absence of dopamine, secrete prolactin continuously; dopamine inhibits...
as prolactin cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin (a...
potent agonist of the prolactin receptor and a weak agonist of the growth hormone receptor. hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal...
arousal of a new relationship. Prolactin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin affects reproduction and lactation...
prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). While the free prolactin...
Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires prolactin. Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling...
among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications...
cause is found in about 50% of cases. Lactation requires the presence of prolactin, and the evaluation of galactorrhea includes eliciting a history for various...
hypothalamus, which in turn increases both TSH and prolactin release. This increase in prolactin suppresses the release of LH and FSH through a negative...
in the cortex influences the secretion of releasing hormones; GHRH and prolactin are stimulated whilst TRH is inhibited. The hypothalamus is responsive...
called cretinism. Prolactin (PRL) plays a role in breastfeeding, and inability to breastfeed may point at abnormally low prolactin levels. Antidiuretic...
factors), the most important of which include estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and growth hormone. The master regulators of breast development are the...
motivation. An increase in levels of oxytocin, glucocorticoids, estrogen and prolactin occur in the paternal brain. These hormonal changes occur through the...
deficiency in the serum levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary hormone prolactin. Hypoprolactinemia is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women, and...
results in variations in behavior. These include estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone. While hormones are not necessary for the...
experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine"). Human orgasms usually...
placental lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic...
complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar...
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