Diagram of the main components of the basal ganglia and their interconnections. GPe = Globus Pallidus external GPi = Globus Pallidus internal STN = SubThalamic Nucleus SNpr = Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata SNpc = Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic pathways are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue.
The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a separate consideration. As in other vertebrates, the primate basal ganglia can be divided into striatal, pallidal, nigral, and subthalamic components. In primates, however, there are two pallidal subdivisions called the external globus pallidus (GPe) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). Also in primates, the dorsal striatum is divided by a large tract called the internal capsule into two masses named the caudate nucleus and the putamen—in most other species no such division exists, and only the striatum as a whole is recognized. Beyond this, there is a complex circuitry of connections between the striatum and cortex that is specific to primates. This complexity reflects the difference in functioning of different cortical areas in the primate brain.
Functional imaging studies have been performed mainly using human subjects. Also, several major degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are specific to humans, although "models" of them have been proposed for other species.
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The basalganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a...
The basalganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates. In humans and other primates, differences...
everywhere, without discontinuity, covered by synapses. In the primatebasalganglia, the globus pallidus is divided into two parts by the medial medullary...
the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basalganglia system. In terms of anatomy, it is the major part of the subthalamus...
shafts. In primates, the thalamostriatal afferent comes from the central median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus (see primatebasalganglia system)...
posterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo), a region of the thalamus Primatebasalganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy Harper - index Archived 2015-05-12...
consider". Until recently, most MRI research focused broadly on the basalganglia as a whole, for various reasons (e.g. image resolution, rarity of isolated...
identical and morphologically similar to the pallidal neurons (see primatebasalganglia). Their dendrites as well as the pallidal are preferentially perpendicular...
pallidothalamic tracts (or pallidothalamic connections) are a part of the basalganglia. They provide connectivity between the internal globus pallidus (GPi)...
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basalganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Substantia nigra is...
well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basalganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost...
up the globus pallidus. The GPi is one of the output nuclei of the basalganglia (the other being the substantia nigra pars reticulata). The GABAergic...
responses to stimuli based on perceived value. However, the second model proposes that the actions do not originate in the basalganglia, and instead originate...
at the heart of which lie the basalganglia, a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain. The basalganglia are the central site at which...
systems, particularly on axon terminals in the cerebellum, hippocampus, basalganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and midbrain. The CB1 receptor...
hyperkinetic movements are the result of improper regulation of the basalganglia–thalamocortical circuitry. Overactivity of a direct pathway combined...
output areas of the basalganglia are also GABAergic and therefore inhibitory. The net effect of excitatory inputs to the basalganglia from the cortex is...
the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. She is an expert on the basalganglia and the neurophysiology of habit formation, implicit learning, and her...
inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basalganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic...
structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basalganglia in the human brain. While the caudate nucleus has long been associated...
inferior olive. It also projects to the thalamus, tectum, basalganglia and basal forebrain. Basal nucleus of Meynert acts mainly on M1 receptors in the neocortex...
These are the dorsal somatomotor basalganglia, the ventral viscerolimbic basalganglia, subpallial extended amygdala, basal corticopetal system, and the...
linking distinct parts of the motor system, including the cerebellum, the basalganglia and both cerebral hemispheres, among others. Additionally, parts of...
in procedural memory. The cerebellum, hippocampus, neostriatum, and basalganglia were identified as being involved in memory acquisition tasks. Models...
critical in the production of movement as part of a system called the basalganglia motor loop. Dopaminergic neurons of this pathway release dopamine from...
‘basal ganglion of Meynert’ (Meynert’sches Basalganglion). Later, in a pair of 1942 publications, Harald Brockhaus referred to the cells as the basal nucleus...
Stereotypies are correlated with altered behavioral response selection in the basalganglia. As stereotypies are frequently viewed as a sign of psychological distress...
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