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Phosphoric acid information


This article is about orthophosphoric acid. For other acids commonly called "phosphoric acid", see Phosphoric acids and phosphates.
Not to be confused with Phosphorous acid.

Phosphoric acid
Structural formula of phosphoric acid, showing dimensions
Ball-and-stick model
Ball-and-stick model
Space-filling model
Space-filling model
Names
IUPAC name
Phosphoric acid
Other names
Orthophosphoric acid
Identifiers
CAS Number
  • 7664-38-2 checkY
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:26078 checkY
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL1187 checkY
ChemSpider
  • 979 checkY
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.758 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-633-2
E number E338 (antioxidants, ...)
KEGG
  • D05467 checkY
PubChem CID
  • 1004
RTECS number
  • TB6300000
UNII
  • E4GA8884NN checkY
UN number 1805
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID5024263 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI
  • InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4) checkY
    Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)
    Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYAI
SMILES
  • OP(=O)(O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
 H3PO4
Molar mass 97.994 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless solid
Odor Odorless
Density 1.6845 g/cm3 (25 °C, 85%),[1] 1.834 g/cm3 (solid)[2]
Melting point 42.35 °C (108.23 °F; 315.50 K) anhydrous[12]
29.32 °C (84.78 °F; 302.47 K) hemihydrate[13]
Boiling point
  • 212 °C (414 °F)[3](only water evaporates)[4]
Solubility in water
  • 392.2 g/(100 g) (−16.3 °C)
  • 369.4 g/(100 mL) (0.5 °C)
  • 446 g/(100 mL) (15 °C)[5]
  • 548 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)[6]
Solubility Soluble in ethanol
log P −2.15[7]
Vapor pressure 0.03 mmHg (20 °C)[8]
Conjugate base Dihydrogen phosphate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
 −43.8·10−6 cm3/mol[10]
Refractive index (nD)
  • 1.3420 (8.8% w/w aq. soln.)[11]
  • 1.4320 (85% aq. soln) 25 °C
Viscosity 2.4–9.4 cP (85% aq. soln.)
147 cP (100%)
Structure
Crystal structure
 Monoclinic
Molecular shape
 Tetrahedral
Thermochemistry[14]
Heat capacity (C)
 145.0 J/(mol⋅K)
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
 150.8 J/(mol⋅K)
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 −1271.7 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
 −1123.6 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
 GHS05: Corrosive[15]
Signal word
 Danger
Hazard statements
 H290, H314[15]
Precautionary statements
 P280, P305+P351+P338, P310[15]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
 1530 mg/kg (rat, oral)[16]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1 mg/m3[8]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3[8]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 1000 mg/m3[8]
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1008
Related compounds
Related phosphorus oxoacids
  • Hypophosphorous acid
  • Phosphorous acid
  • Pyrophosphoric acid
  • Triphosphoric acid
  • Peroxomonophosphoric acid
  • Peroxodiphosphoric acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, which is a colourless, odourless, and non-volatile syrupy liquid. It is a major industrial chemical, being a component of many fertilizers.

The compound is an acid. Removal of all three H+ ions gives the phosphate ion PO3−4. Removal of one or two protons gives dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO−4, and the hydrogen phosphate ion HPO2−4, respectively. Phosphoric acid forms esters, called organophosphates.[17]

The name "orthophosphoric acid" can be used to distinguish this specific acid from other "phosphoric acids", such as pyrophosphoric acid. Nevertheless, the term "phosphoric acid" often means this specific compound; and that is the current IUPAC nomenclature.

  1. ^ Christensen, J. H.; Reed, R. B. (1955). "Design and Analysis Data—Density of Aqueous Solutions of Phosphoric Acid Measurements at 25 °C". Ind. Eng. Chem. 47 (6): 1277–1280. doi:10.1021/ie50546a061.
  2. ^ "CAMEO Chemicals Datasheet – Phosphoric Acid". Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  3. ^ "Phosphoric acid". www.chemspider.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  4. ^ Brown, Earl H.; Whitt, Carlton D. (1952). "Vapor Pressure of Phosphoric Acids". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 44 (3): 615–618. doi:10.1021/ie50507a050.
  5. ^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  6. ^ Haynes, p. 4.80
  7. ^ "phosphoric acid_msds". Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0506". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  9. ^ Haynes, p. 5.92
  10. ^ Haynes, p. 4.134
  11. ^ Edwards, O. W.; Dunn, R. L.; Hatfield, J. D. (1964). "Refractive Index of Phosphoric Acid Solutions at 25 C.". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 9 (4): 508–509. doi:10.1021/je60023a010.
  12. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Thompson, A. (1959). "701. The mechanism of electrical conduction in fused phosphoric and trideuterophosphoric acids". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3485. doi:10.1039/JR9590003485.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ross was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Haynes, p. 5.13
  15. ^ a b c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Phosphoric acid.
  16. ^ "Phosphoric acid". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  17. ^ Westheimer, F.H. (6 June 1987). "Why nature chose phosphates". Science. 235 (4793): 1173–1178 (see pp. 1175–1176). Bibcode:1987Sci...235.1173W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.3441. doi:10.1126/science.2434996. PMID 2434996.

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Phosphoric acid

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Phosphorous acid

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Phosphoric acid fuel cell

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Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized...

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Pyrophosphoric acid

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of phosphoric acid. Anions, salts, and esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. It can be prepared by reaction of phosphoric acid with...

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Ester

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oxoacids (e.g. esters of acetic acid, carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, xanthic acid), but also from acids that do not contain oxygen...

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Organic acid anhydride

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be derived from an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid. The mixed anhydride 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, an intermediate in the formation of ATP via...

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Acid

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Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Fluorosulfuric acid (HSO3F) Nitric acid (HNO3) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF6) Fluoroboric acid (HBF4) Hexafluorophosphoric...

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Fuel cell

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same journal. The fuel cell he made used similar materials to today's phosphoric acid fuel cell. In 1932, English engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully...

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Arsenic acid

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colorless acid is the arsenic analogue of phosphoric acid. Arsenate and phosphate salts behave very similarly. Arsenic acid as such has not been isolated, but...

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Anodizing

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has since been displaced by cheaper plastics and powder coating. The phosphoric acid processes are the most recent major development, so far only used as...

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Chiral phosphoric acid

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In organic chemistry, chiral phosphoric acids are esters of phosphoric acid H3PO4 that have chiral backbones. Well known examples include cyclic diesters...

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Phosphorus

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"wet process." The minerals are treated with sulfuric acid to give phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is then neutralized to give various phosphate salts...

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Phosphorus pentoxide

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empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent. Phosphorus pentoxide...

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Dental cement

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affected the successful long term use of the material. Composition: Phosphoric acid liquid Zinc Oxide powder Formerly known as the most commonly used luting...

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Phosphoryl chloride

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liquid with the formula POCl3. It hydrolyses in moist air releasing phosphoric acid and fumes of hydrogen chloride. It is manufactured industrially on...

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Monocalcium phosphate

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fertilizers are produced by treatment of "phosphate rock" with acids ("acidulation"). Using phosphoric acid, fluorapatite is converted to Ca(H2PO4)2: Ca5(PO4)3F...

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Triethyl phosphate

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colorless liquid. It is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester". Its primary uses are as an industrial...

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Acid catalysis

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hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites. Strong acids catalyze...

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Phosphate

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ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, a.k.a. phosphoric acid H3PO4. The phosphate...

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Titratable acid

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Nitric acid

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Formic acid

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spectrometry detection, formic acid offers several advantages over the more traditionally used phosphoric acid. Formic acid is also significantly used in...

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Hypophosphoric acid

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phosphorous acid/phosphoric acid mixed anhydride. The two phosphorus atoms are in the +3 and +5 oxidation states, respectively. Hypophosphoric acid can be...

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Adenosine monophosphate

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5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the...

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Dihydrogen phosphate

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OCP Group

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