This article is about a historical region of the Qing dynasty. For the present day country, see Mongolia. For the former communist state often referred to as Outer Mongolia, see Mongolian People's Republic.
Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia within the Qing dynasty.Location of Mongolia Area as part of the Republic of China (claim only)Map of the Republic of China in 1914After the Treaty of Kyakhta (North) Mongolia in 1915
This article contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script.
Outer Mongolia[a] was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia[b] and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained de facto independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution.
While the administrative region of Outer Mongolia during the Qing dynasty only consisted of the four Khalkha aimags (Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag, and Zasagt Khan Aimag), in the late Qing period, "Outer Mongolia" was also used to refer to the combined Khalkha and Oirat regions, as well as the directly-ruled Tannu Uriankhai.
Much of the region was subsequently claimed by the Republic of China, which had acquired the legal right to inherit all Qing territories through the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor, as an integral part of the state. This is referred to as "Mongolia Area" to distinguish it from Outer Mongolia.[3][4][5] Most of Outer Mongolia, however, was under the de facto control of the Bogd Khanate, which was largely unrecognized internationally. The Republic of China briefly established de facto rule over most of the region from 1919 to 1921. After the Mongolian People's Republic was founded in 1924, the Nationalist government of China de jure recognized Mongolian independence in 1946 under Soviet pressure,[6] though this recognition was later rescinded by the Kuomintang government which had retreated to Taiwan due to continued Soviet support to the Chinese communists.[7] The People's Republic of China continued recognition of the Mongolian People's Republic and established full diplomatic relations with Mongolia since its establishment.[8]
^Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (South Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.
^"History of Mongolia". Embassy of Mongolia in Washington.
^Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 憲法何以中國. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^Gao, Quanxi (2016). 政治憲法與未來憲制. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^Friters, Gerard M (1974). Outer Mongolia and its International Position. New York: Octagon Books.
^"Taiwan Veto Likely; Taipei Regime May Again Bar Outer Mongolia From U.N.", The New York Times, 22 April 1961, archived from the original on 22 July 2018, retrieved 5 February 2008
^"China-Mongolia Boundary" (PDF). International Boundary Study (173). The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
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contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script. Outer Mongolia...
Chinese: 博克多汗國; pinyin: Bókèduō Hán Guó) was the de facto government of OuterMongolia between 1911 and 1915 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of...
admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including OuterMongolia— as part of China...
The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 (OuterMongolian Revolution of 1921, or People's Revolution of 1921) was a military and political event by which Mongolian...
Mongolia under Qing rule was the rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China over the Mongolian Plateau, including the four OuterMongolian aimags (a...
romanized: Ündesnii erxe čölöönii xuvisgal) occurred when the region of OuterMongolia declared its independence from the Manchu-led Qing China during the...
Xinhai Revolution, OuterMongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty of China in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911. Mongolia became a de facto...
of Mongolia (formerly often described as OuterMongolia). In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner and "Outer" are...
OuterMongolia — officially the Mongolian People's Republic — was ruled (1930s to 1952) by the communist government of Khorloogiin Choibalsan during the...
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China, and the Republic of Buryatia of the Russian Federation. The Mongols...
dynasty protected Mongolia from population pressure from China proper. After the Mongolian People's Revolution, the banners of OuterMongolia were abolished...
such as the Northeast, OuterMongolia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet as "wàifān" (外藩) which means "outer feudatories" or "outer vassals", or as "fānbù"...
Qing dynasty, Chinese leaders as of 2014 had not suggested that Mongolia and part of Outer or Russian Manchuria would be a legitimate objective. In April...
Russia, Mongolia, and the Republic of China "downgraded" the independence of OuterMongolia to autonomy within China. The government of Mongolia maintained...
control as of 1691. OuterMongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to OuterMongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing...
List of Mongol rulers President of Mongolia Prime Minister of Mongolia List of prime ministers of MongoliaOuterMongolia was de jure part of the Republic...
Mongolia, as well as the governor of the capital, Ulaanbaatar. The office of prime minister was established in 1912, shortly after (Outer) Mongolia first...
to just OuterMongolia but was a pan-Mongolian phenomenon. On 29 December 1911, Bogd Khan became the ruler of the Bogd Khanate. Inner Mongolia became a...
Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria), the Mongolian Plateau (Inner Mongolia and OuterMongolia), Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan or East...
governing Inner Mongolia and OuterMongolia. While the empire maintained firm control in both Inner and OuterMongolia, the Mongols in OuterMongolia (which is...
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