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History of Mongolia
Timeline
States
Rulers
Nobility
Culture
Politics
Geography
Language
Religion
Prehistoric period
Afanasievo culture
3300–2500 BC
Chemurchek culture
2750–1900 BC
Munkhkhairkhan culture
1800–1600 BC
Sagsai culture
1500–1000 BC
Ulaanzuukh culture
1450–1150 BC
Deer stones culture
1400–700 BC
Slab-grave culture
1100–300 BC
Chandman culture
700–300 BC
Pazyryk culture
600–300 BC
Ancient period
Xiongnu
209 BC–93 AD
Xianbei state
93–234
Rouran Khaganate
330–555
Göktürks (First, Eastern,
and Second Turkic Khaganates)
555–630 682–744
Xueyantuo
628–646
Tang protectorate
647–682
Uyghur Khaganate
744–840
Liao dynasty
907–1125
Medieval period
Mongol khanates
9th–12th century
Khamag Mongol
1130–1206
Mongol Empire
1206–1368
Yuan dynasty
1271–1368
Northern Yuan
1368–1635
Oirat Confederation
1399–1634
Dzungar Khanate
1634–1757
Qing dynasty
1691–1911
Modern period
National Revolution
1911
Bogd Khaganate
1911–1919
Chinese occupation
1919–1921
People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate)
1921 1921–1924
People's Republic
1924–1992
Democratic Revolution
1990
Modern Mongolia
1990–present
v
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Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu (3rd century BC–1st century AD), the Xianbei state (c. AD 93–234), the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language,[1]
founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.
In 1206, Genghis Khan was able to unite the Mongol tribes, forging them into a fighting force which went on to establish the largest contiguous empire in world history, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). After the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire, Mongolia came to be ruled by the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) based in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) and administered as part of the Lingbei Province. Buddhism in Mongolia began with the Yuan emperors' conversion to and dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism.
After collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Yuan court retreated to the Mongolian Plateau, marking the start of the Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635). The Mongols returned to their earlier patterns of internal strife and their old shamanist ways after the collapse of Yuan dynasty. Buddhism reemerged in Mongolia in the 16th and 17th centuries.
At the end of the 17th century, Mongolia became part of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. During the Xinhai Revolution, Mongolia declared independence from Qing but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence and until 1945 to gain international recognition.[2] As a consequence, Mongolia came under strong Soviet influence. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared, and Mongolian politics began to follow the same patterns as Soviet politics of the time. Following the Revolutions of 1989, the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and a transition to a market economy.
^
Janhunen, Juha (2014). Mongolian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. ISBN 9789027238252.
^Chan, Steve (2016). China's Troubled Waters: Maritime Disputes in Theoretical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9781107130562.
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