Cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat
Medical condition
Oral cancer
Other names
Cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, mouth cancer, cancer of the lips, oral cavity and pharynx[1]
Oral cancer on the side of the tongue, a common site along with the floor of the mouth
Specialty
Oncology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, ENT surgery
Symptoms
Persistent rough white or red patch in the mouth lasting longer than 2 weeks, ulceration, lumps/bumps in the neck, pain, loose teeth, difficulty swallowing
Risk factors
Smoking, alcohol, HPV infection, sun exposure, chewing tobacco
Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat.[6] In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless white patch, that thickens, develops red patches, an ulcer, and continues to grow. When on the lips, it commonly looks like a persistent crusting ulcer that does not heal, and slowly grows.[7] Other symptoms may include difficult or painful swallowing, new lumps or bumps in the neck, a swelling in the mouth, or a feeling of numbness in the mouth or lips.[8]
Risk factors include tobacco and alcohol use.[9][10] Those who use both alcohol and tobacco have a 15 times greater risk of oral cancer than those who use neither.[11] Other risk factors include HPV infection,[12] chewing paan,[13] and sun exposure on the lower lip.[14] Oral cancer is a subgroup of head and neck cancers.[6] Diagnosis is made by biopsy of the concerning area, followed by investigation with CT scan, MRI, PET scan, and examination to determine if it has spread to distant parts of the body.
Oral cancer can be prevented by avoiding tobacco products, limiting alcohol use, sun protection on the lower lip, HPV vaccination, and avoidance of paan. Treatments used for oral cancer can include a combination of surgery (to remove the tumor and regional lymph nodes), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The types of treatments will depend on the size, locations, and spread of the cancer taken into consideration with the general health of the person.[7]
In 2018, oral cancer occurred globally in about 355,000 people, and resulted in 177,000 deaths.[5] Between 1999 and 2015 in the United States, the rate of oral cancer increased 6% (from 10.9 to 11.6 per 100,000). Deaths from oral cancer during this time decreased 7% (from 2.7 to 2.5 per 100,000).[15] Oral cancer has an overall 5 year survival rate of 65% in the United States as of 2015.[4] This varies from 84% if diagnosed when localized, compared to 66% if it has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, and 39% if it has spread to distant parts of the body.[4] Survival rates also are dependent on the location of the disease in the mouth.[16]
^Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
^"Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention". National Cancer Institute. 1 January 1980. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^"HPV Vaccine May Prevent Oral HPV Infection". National Cancer Institute. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ abc"Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer". NCI. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ abc"Cancer today". gco.iarc.fr. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ abEdge SB, et al. (American Joint Committee on Cancer) (2010). AJCC cancer staging manual (7th ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387884400. OCLC 316431417.
^ abMarx RE, Stern D (2003). Oral and maxillofacial pathology : a rationale for diagnosis and treatment. Stern, Diane. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0867153903. OCLC 49566229.
^"Head and Neck Cancers". CDC. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
^Cite error: The named reference Gandini2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Goldstein BY, Chang SC, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C, Zhang ZF (November 2010). "Alcohol consumption and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1988 to 2009: an update". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 19 (6): 431–65. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32833d936d. PMC 2954597. PMID 20679896.
^"The Tobacco Connection". The Oral Cancer Foundation. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
^Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S (February 2005). "Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 14 (2): 467–75. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551. PMID 15734974. S2CID 6643303.
^Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, Kim MM, Trink B, Sidransky D, Moon CS (December 2004). "Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 131 (6): 986–93. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.035. PMID 15577802. S2CID 34356067.
^Kerawala C, Roques T, Jeannon JP, Bisase B (May 2016). "Oral cavity and lip cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 130 (S2): S83–S89. doi:10.1017/S0022215116000499. PMC 4873943. PMID 27841120.
^"USCS Data Visualizations". gis.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-01-25. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
^"Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
Oralcancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless...
Head and neck cancer develops from tissues in the lip and oral cavity (mouth), larynx (throat), salivary glands, nose, sinuses, or skin of the face. The...
underlying cause. Rarely, a mouth ulcer that does not heal may be a sign of oralcancer. These ulcers may form individually or multiple ulcers may appear at...
The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth. It comprises stratified squamous epithelium, termed "oral epithelium", and an underlying...
The OralCancer Foundation, sometimes abbreviated to OCF, is an American, IRS-registered, 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, which focuses on oral and...
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the oral cavity (mouth),...
Oral and maxillofacial pathology refers to the diseases of the mouth ("oral cavity" or "stoma"), jaws ("maxillae" or "gnath") and related structures such...
Oral candidiasis (Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis), also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is,...
into nasal snuff. Oral and spit tobacco increase the risk for leukoplakia, a precursor to oralcancer. Chewing tobacco causes cancer, particularly of the...
skin cancer, oralcancer, lung cancer, or prostate cancer in men under 75. Routine screening is not recommended for bladder cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian...
tooth discoloration, the connection to severe oral health problems such as periodontal disease and oralcancer remains inconclusive. Nonetheless, snus contains...
between oral sex and oralcancer with human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected people. A 2007 study found a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. It...
Hypogeusia can have many causes, including taste disorders rooted in oralcancer, zinc deficiency, Covid-19, Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS), and Parkinson's...
reported between oral sex and oralcancer with HPV-infected people. A 2007 study suggested a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. It is believed...
North America. It contains carcinogens, is considered responsible for oralcancer and other severe negative health effects and hence is subjected in India...
agent for oralcancer. It encourages oncogenesis (process in which healthy cells become cancer cells) and therefore the progression of oralcancer through...
screening procedures; such as assessment of oral health conditions, review of the health history, oralcancer screening, head and neck inspection, dental...
addictive and has been linked with adverse health effects, mainly oral and esophageal cancers, which occur both with and without tobacco in the mixture. Attempts...
between systemic inflammation and oralcancer has also been well established. Both periodontal disease and cancer risk are associated with genetic susceptibility...
Symptoms of oralcancer can include velvety red patches and white patches, loose teeth and non-healing mouth ulcers. The risk factors of oralcancer may include...
syndrome), benign and metastatic neoplasms (such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and oralcancer), infectious conditions (such as HIV, viral hepatitis...
"Alcohol-based mouthwash as a risk factor of oralcancer: A systematic review" (PDF). Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 25 (1): e1–e12. doi:10...
30th birthday. He had been diagnosed with oralcancer in 1999; his death was due to complications from oralcancer and pneumonia. In 2007, his widow Blythe...
oropharyngeal cancers are HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, which is caused by an oral human papillomavirus infection; and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer, which...
mouthwash in pain relief and in shortening the healing time of oral mucositis from cancer therapies. The first known references to mouth rinsing is in Ayurveda...
often seen together as a trio. In October 2003, Susan was diagnosed with oralcancer; she underwent surgery, radiation therapy and facial reconstruction....
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