Radiograph showing bone loss between the two roots of a tooth (black region). The spongy bone has receded due to infection under tooth, reducing the bony support for the tooth.
Red, swollen, painful, bleeding gums, loose teeth, bad breath[1]
Complications
Tooth loss, gum abscess[1][2]
Usual onset
Getting gingivitis[3]
Causes
Bacteria related plaque build up[1]
Risk factors
Smoking,[4] diabetes, HIV/AIDS, certain medications[1]
Diagnostic method
Dental examination, X-rays[1]
Treatment
Good oral hygiene, regular professional cleaning[5]
Frequency
538 million (2015)[6]
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.[5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed.[5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.[7][8] In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out.[5] Halitosis (bad breath) may also occur.[1]
Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth.[5] Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking,[4] diabetes, HIV/AIDS, family history, high levels of homocysteine in the blood and certain medications.[1] Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth.[1][9]
Treatment involves good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning.[5] Recommended oral hygiene include daily brushing and flossing.[5] In certain cases antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended.[10] Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health.[11][12] Globally, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 and has been known to affect 10–15% of the population generally.[7][8][6] In the United States, nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition.[5] Males are affected more often than females.[5]
Video summary (script)
^ abcdefgh"Gum Disease". National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^"Gum Disease Complications". nhs.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^Page RC, Schroeder HE (1976). "Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work". Laboratory Investigation. 34 (3): 235–49. PMID 765622.
^ abAlbandar JM, Adensaya MR, Streckfus CF, Winn DM (December 2000). "Cigar, Pipe, and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss". Journal of Periodontology. 71 (12). American Academy of Periodontology: 1874–1881. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 11156044. S2CID 11598500.
^ abcdefghi"Periodontal Disease". CDC. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
^ abGBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
^ abV. Baelum and R. Lopez, "Periodontal epidemiology: towards
social science or molecular biology?,"Community Dentistry
and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 239–249, 2004.
^ abNicchio I, Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, et al. Polymorphisms in Genes of Lipid Metabolism Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis, as Comorbidities, and with the Subjects' Periodontal, Glycemic, and Lipid Profiles Journal of Diabetes Research. 2021 Jan;2021. PMCID: PMC8601849.
^Savage A, Eaton KA, Moles DR, Needleman I (June 2009). "A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this disease". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 36 (6): 458–67. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01408.x. PMID 19508246.
^"Gum Disease Treatment". nhs.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^Sáenz-Ravello G, Matamala L, dos Santos NC, Cisternas P, Gamonal J, Fernandez A, Bello-Escamilla N, Hernandez M, Baeza M (1 June 2022). "Healthy Dietary Patterns on Clinical Periodontal Parameters: A GRADE Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Current Oral Health Reports. 9 (2): 32–55. doi:10.1007/s40496-022-00307-y. ISSN 2196-3002. S2CID 246752560.
^Sanz M, et al. (2020). "Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 47 (Suppl 22): 4–60. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290. PMC 7891343. PMID 32383274.
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