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Cancer screening
A person preparing for breast cancer screening by mammography
Purpose
detection of cancer prior to onset of symptoms (via several tests/imaging)
The objective of cancer screening is to detect cancer before symptoms appear, involving various methods such as blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests, and medical imaging.[1][2] The purpose of screening is early cancer detection, to make the cancer easier to treat and extending life expectancy.[3] In 2019, cancer was the second leading cause of death globally; more recent data is pending due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]
Universal screening, also known as mass screening or population screening, involves the screening of individuals within certain age and gender groups, aiming to screen the population for particular cancers or cancer risk factors.[5] Selective screening, also known as targeted screening, identifies individuals with a higher risk of developing cancer, including individuals with a family history (genetic risk) of cancer or individuals engaging in high-risk behaviors such as smoking.[5]
The act of cancer screening plays a pivotal role in both preventing cancer and providing early diagnosis, contributing to increased success rates in treatment and ultimately extending life expectancy.[6] Controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of the screening outweigh the risks associated with the screening procedure, as well as the subsequent diagnostic tests and cancer treatments.[7] Cancer screening is susceptible to producing both false negative and false positive results, underlining the importance of considering the possible errors in the screening process.[8] Additionally, cancer screening can lead to overtreatment if the screening identifies a tumor that is ultimately benign (non-cancerous).[6]
^"What Is Cancer Screening?". National Cancer Institute. 2010-01-13.
^"Press Announcements - FDA authorizes, with special controls, direct-to-consumer test that reports three mutations in the BRCA breast cancer genes". Food and Drug Administration. 2019-09-10.
^Smith RA, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Fedewa SA, Manassaram-Baptiste D, Saslow D, Wender RC (May 2019). "Cancer screening in the United States, 2019: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening". CA. 69 (3): 184–210. doi:10.3322/caac.21557. PMID 30875085.
^Roser M (December 7, 2021). "Causes of death globally: what do people die from?". Our World in Data.
^ abBobrowska A, Murton M, Seedat F, Visintin C, Mackie A, Steele R, Marshall J (May 2022). "Targeted screening in the UK: A narrow concept with broad application". The Lancet Regional Health. Europe. 16: 100353. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100353. PMC 9038565. PMID 35492962.
^ abCrosby D, Bhatia S, Brindle KM, Coussens LM, Dive C, Emberton M, et al. (March 2022). "Early detection of cancer". Science. 375 (6586): eaay9040. doi:10.1126/science.aay9040. PMID 35298272. S2CID 247521566.
^Shepardson LB, Dean L (August 2020). "Current controversies in breast cancer screening". Seminars in Oncology. 47 (4): 177–181. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.05.002. PMID 32513421. S2CID 219550403.
^Miles A, Paschalidi A, Sharma N (September 2023). "The effect of numeric information about the likelihood of receiving a false negative or false positive result on people's attitudes towards colorectal cancer screening using faecal immunochemical testing (FIT)". Patient Education and Counseling. 114: 107857. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.107857. PMID 37348310.
The objective of cancerscreening is to detect cancer before symptoms appear, involving various methods such as blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests, and...
whether the disease has spread. Screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer. Screening, by one of a number of methods...
Breast cancerscreening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis...
Prostate cancerscreening is the screening process used to detect undiagnosed prostate cancer in men without signs or symptoms. When abnormal prostate...
examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic...
cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are adenocarcinoma, and a small number are other types. Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed...
cancer (cervical, anal etc.). The Pap test, when combined with a regular program of screening and appropriate follow-up, can reduce cervical cancer deaths...
detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening for breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated...
Lung cancerscreening refers to cancerscreening strategies used to identify early lung cancers before they cause symptoms, at a point where they are more...
Most people with breast cancer have no symptoms at the time of diagnosis; their tumor is detected by a breast cancerscreening test. For those who do have...
Cervical cancerscreening is a medical screening test designed to identify risk of cervical cancer. Cervical screening may involve looking for viral DNA...
annual exams for older men, as it was thought to be a reliable screening test for prostate cancer. This examination may be used: for the diagnosis of prostatic...
cancer or stomach cancer. The American College of Gastroenterology has recommended the abandoning of gFOBT testing as a colorectal cancerscreening tool...
cancer survival have primarily been associated with the detection of lesions in the distal portion of the colon. Routine use of colonoscopy screening...
(PSA)-based screening for prostate cancerscreenings be an individual decision for men between the ages of 55 to 69. In 2018 the Task Force gave PCa screening a...
program to enhance access to anal cancerscreening for HIV-positive men. Nurse practitioners perform anal Papanicolaou screening, and men with abnormal results...
(such as colorectal cancer or gastric cancer). The test does not directly detect colon cancer but is often used in clinical screening for that disease....
"Conclusions and Relevance". Alexander, Kim & Cheng 2020, "Lung CancerScreening". Cancerscreening in the European Union 2022, p. 27. Canadian Task Force 2016...
that is used to detect cervical cancer. The UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian CancerScreening is testing a screening technique that combines CA-125 blood...
reading. Because many symptoms of cancer are gradual in onset and general in nature, cancerscreening (also called cancer surveillance) is a key public health...
legs and feet, or limb paralysis. Most cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed through screening tests, when tumors are too small to cause any symptoms....
US, professional societies recommend testing every colon cancer for MSI or IHC as screening for Lynch syndrome, but this is not always performed because...
abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes. Screening has reduced both the number of...
Breast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment...
The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years. Cervical cancerscreening is still required following vaccination. Vaccinating a large portion...
to late (stage IV). Screening the general population has not been found to be effective. The risk of developing pancreatic cancer is lower among non-smokers...
are cancerscreening programmes organised by the Health Service Executive (HSE) in the Republic of Ireland. BowelScreen is the national bowel cancer screening...
lifestyle and seek preventive screening, and socioeconomic or public policy related to cancer prevention. Globalized cancer prevention is regarded as a...
Global Information
