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Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus species (mainly A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius, but also by 33% of A. niger industrial strains) and some Penicillium species, especially P. verrucosum. Ochratoxin A is the most prevalent and relevant fungal toxin of this group, while ochratoxins B and C are of lesser importance.
Ochratoxin A is known to occur in commodities such as cereals, coffee, dried fruit, and red wine. It is possibly a human carcinogen and is of special interest as it can be accumulated in the meat of animals. Exposure to ochratoxins through diet can cause acute toxicity in mammalian kidneys. Exposure to ochratoxin A has been associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy, a kidney disease with high mortality in people living near tributaries of the Danube River in Eastern Europe.[1]
It has been suggested that carriers of alleles associated with phenylketonuria may have been protected from spontaneous abortion caused by ochratoxin exposure, providing a heterozygous advantage for the alleles despite the possibility of severe intellectual disability in the more rare instance of inheritance from both parents.[2][3]
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin B
Ochratoxin C
Ochratoxin TA
^Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007). "Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans". Mol Nutr Food Res. 51 (1): 61–99. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600137. PMID 17195275.
^"#261600 ICD+ PHENYLKETONURIA; PKU". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
^Woolf, L. I. "The heterozygote advantage in phenylketonuria." (Letter) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38: 773-775, 1986.
Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species — is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also...
inheritance from both parents. Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Ochratoxin C Ochratoxin TA Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007). "Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity...
differ in that Ochratoxin B (OTB) is a nonchlorinated form of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and that Ochratoxin C (OTC) is an ethyl ester form Ochratoxin A. Aspergillus...
is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin...
secondary metabolites, some of which are mycotoxins called ochratoxins, such as ochratoxin A. Contamination by filamentous fungi, such as A. niger, occurs...
indeed separate species. Experimental results showed that the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin are produced by P. verrucosum but not by P. viridicatum...
not known. Citrinin often occurs together with other mycotoxins like ochratoxin A or aflatoxin B1, because they are produced by the same fungi species...
phytotoxic, fumonisin B1 is not required for plant pathogenesis. Ochratoxin: Ochratoxin A was discovered as a metabolite of Aspergillus ochraceus in 1965...
section. The species was first described in 2004. A. pulvericola produces ochratoxin A. A. pulvericola has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar...
species was first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce ochratoxin A and penicillic acid. A. cretensis has been cultivated on both Czapek...
in the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus fresenii produces ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, aspochracins, mellamides, orthosporins, radarins, secopenitrems...
first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce asteltoxins and ochratoxin A. A. pseudoelegans has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar...
Aspergillus species often growing in or on grains and nuts consumed by humans, ochratoxins, patulin, and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin) and fumonisins, which...
species was first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein, and vioxanthin. In 2016...
species was first described in 2011. It has been reported to produce ochratoxin A and penicillic acid. Apsergillus affinis has been cultivated on both...
species was first described in 1899. It has been reported to produce ochratoxin A. A. ostianus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA)...
coffee beans from India. It is a very effective producer of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B, and produces aurasperone B, pyranonigrin A, corymbiferan lactone-like...
dehydropenicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein and vioxanthin and traces of ochratoxin A. A. westlandensis has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar...
produces viridicatin, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine, palitantin and ochratoxin A MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium palitans Kozlovsky, A. G.; Zhelifonova...
Global Information
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin B
Ochratoxin C
Ochratoxin TA
