Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species — is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins.[1] It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts.[2][3] Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes.[4][5][6] The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk.[7] Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences.[5]
^Al-Anati L, Petzinger E (2006). "Immunotoxic activity of ochratoxin A". J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 29 (2): 79–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00718.x. PMID 16515661.
^Polizzi V, et al. (2009). "Fungi, mycotoxins and volatile organic compounds in mouldy interiors from water-damaged buildings". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 11 (10): 1849–1858. doi:10.1039/b906856b. PMID 19809708.
^Richard JL, at al. (1999). "The occurrence of ochratoxin A in dust collected from a problem household". Mycopathologia. 146 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1023/A:1007056627296. PMID 10822509. S2CID 31557794.
^Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007). "Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans". Mol Nutr Food Res. 51 (1): 61–99. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600137. PMID 17195275.
^ abO'Brien E, Dietrich DR (2005). "Ochratoxin A: the continuing enigma". Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 35 (1): 33–60. doi:10.1080/10408440590905948. PMID 15742902. S2CID 15849038.
^Blesa J, et al. (2006). "Factors affecting the presence of ochratoxin A in wines". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 46 (6): 473–8. doi:10.1080/10408390500215803. PMID 16864140. S2CID 45392770.
^Clark HA, Snedeker SM (2006). "Ochratoxin A: its cancer risk and potential for exposure". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 9 (3): 265–96. Bibcode:2006JTEHB...9..265C. doi:10.1080/15287390500195570. PMID 16621780. S2CID 41761053.
OchratoxinA—a toxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species — is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also...
from both parents. OchratoxinAOchratoxin B Ochratoxin C Ochratoxin TA Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (2007). "OchratoxinA: An overview on toxicity...
differ in that Ochratoxin B (OTB) is a nonchlorinated form of OchratoxinA (OTA) and that Ochratoxin C (OTC) is an ethyl ester form OchratoxinA. Aspergillus...
Aspergillus ochraceus is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus known to produce the toxin ochratoxinA, one of the most abundant food-contaminating...
indeed separate species. Experimental results showed that the mycotoxins ochratoxinA and citrinin are produced by P. verrucosum but not by P. viridicatum...
manganese. A. niger produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites, some of which are mycotoxins called ochratoxins, such as ochratoxinA. Contamination...
Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum...
not known. Citrinin often occurs together with other mycotoxins like ochratoxinA or aflatoxin B1, because they are produced by the same fungi species...
has been reported to produce penicillic acid, ochratoxinA, xanthomegnin, viomellein, and vioxanthin. A. westerdijkiae has been cultivated on both Czapek...
required for plant pathogenesis. Ochratoxin: OchratoxinA was discovered as a metabolite of Aspergillus ochraceus in 1965 during a large screen of fungal metabolites...
A fish (pl.: fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits...
brand name Inderal among others, is a medication of the beta blocker class. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of types of irregular heart...
poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central...
beans from India. It is a very effective producer of ochratoxinA and ochratoxin B, and produces aurasperone B, pyranonigrin A, corymbiferan lactone-like...
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a treatment for depression and pain...
cocaïne, from Spanish: coca, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. As an extract, it...
first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce ochratoxinA and penicillic acid. A. cretensis has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract...
described in 2004. It has been reported to produce asteltoxins and ochratoxinA. A. pseudoelegans has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar...
species was first described in 2011. It has been reported to produce ochratoxinA and penicillic acid. Apsergillus affinis has been cultivated on both...
Mycoplasma, which require cholesterol for growth. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin...
first described in 2014. It has been reported to produce ochratoxinA and penicillic acid. A. occultus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract...
produce aspergamide A and B, penicillic acid, dehydropenicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein and vioxanthin and traces of ochratoxinA. A. westlandensis...
Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile. It is similar...
name Betapace among others, is a medication used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. Evidence does not support a decreased risk of death with long...
known as lignocaine and sold under the brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. It is also used to treat ventricular...
medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain. It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic...
Aspergillus fresenii is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus fresenii produces ochratoxinA, ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, aspochracins, mellamides...
botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin...
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