Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. These organelles, found in all eukaryotic cells, are the powerhouse of the cell.[1] The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed exclusively from mother to offspring through the egg cell.Illustration of the location of mitochondrial DNA in human cellsElectron microscopy reveals mitochondrial DNA in discrete foci. Bars: 200 nm. (A) Cytoplasmic section after immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; gold particles marking mtDNA are found near the mitochondrial membrane (black dots in upper right). (B) Whole mount view of cytoplasm after extraction with CSK buffer and immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; mtDNA (marked by gold particles) resists extraction. From Iborra et al., 2004.[jargon][2]
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA)[3] is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in plastids such as chloroplasts.
Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced.[4] This sequencing revealed that the human mtDNA includes 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins.
Since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers,[5][6][7] it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits tracing the relationships of populations, and so has become important in anthropology and biogeography.
^Siekevitz P (1957). "Powerhouse of the cell". Scientific American. 197 (1): 131–40. Bibcode:1957SciAm.197a.131S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131.
^Iborra FJ, Kimura H, Cook PR (May 2004). "The functional organization of mitochondrial genomes in human cells". BMC Biology. 2: 9. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-2-9. PMC 425603. PMID 15157274.
^Sykes B (10 September 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA and human history". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
^Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, et al. (April 1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome". Nature. 290 (5806): 457–465. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..457A. doi:10.1038/290457a0. PMID 7219534. S2CID 4355527.
^Boursot P, Bonhomme F (1 January 1986). "[Not Available]". Génétique, Sélection, Évolution. 18 (1): 73–98. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-18-1-73. PMC 2713894. PMID 22879234.
^Delsuc F, Stanhope MJ, Douzery EJ (August 2003). "Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 261–275. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00111-8. PMID 12878463. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
^Hassanin A, An J, Ropiquet A, Nguyen TT, Couloux A (March 2013). "Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 766–775. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.003. PMID 23159894.
MitochondrialDNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food...
In human genetics, a human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrialDNA. Haplogroups are used to represent...
the mitochondrial genes, with the genetic and physical map of yeast mitochondrialDNA completed in 1976. Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Mitochondrial metabolic...
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrialDNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome...
nuclear DNA) may also cause mitochondrialDNA mutations. Most mitochondrial function and biogenesis is controlled by nuclear DNA. Human mitochondrialDNA encodes...
fixed in time (as the position of mt-MRCA moves forward in time as mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) lineages become extinct), nor does it refer to a "first woman"...
MitochondrialDNA depletion syndrome (MDS or MDDS), or Alper's disease, is any of a group of autosomal recessive disorders that cause a significant drop...
encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrialDNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. It adheres to Mendelian inheritance,...
Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various...
Nuclear mitochondrialDNA (NUMT) segments or genetic loci describe a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrialDNA into the nuclear genome...
compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrialDNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules...
African mitochondrialDNA was introduced into Europe and Asia. During the early period of the Holocene, 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrialDNA was introduced...
genome (mitochondrialDNA or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual. It is an important factor in considering the severity of mitochondrial diseases...
research: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). Autosomal tests may result in a large number of DNA matches to both males...
African mitochondrialDNA was introduced into Europe and Asia. During the early period of the Holocene, 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrialDNA was introduced...
Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely...
extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. MitochondrialDNA is a main...
63% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrialDNA. Between 15,000 BP and 7000 BP, 86% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrialDNA was introduced into Southwest...
ancient DNA 8 were applied to reconstruct 18 high-quality mitochondrial genomes from 10 different individuals. The determined mitochondrial haplogroups...
Americans" as well as that of Japanese people. When studying human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup, the results indicated that Indigenous American haplogroups...
Cabrera, Vicente M. (April 2003). "MitochondrialDNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe: MitochondrialDNA in Atlantic Europe". American Journal...
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