Circulating mitochondrial DNA, also called cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA(ccf mtDNA), are short sections of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that are released by cells undergoing stress or other damaging or pathological events. Circulating mitochondrial DNA is recognized by the immune system and activates inflammatory reactions. It is also a biomarker that can be used to detect the degree of damage from myocardial infarctions, cancers and ordinary stress. In certain situations it acts as a hormone.[1]
Plasma or serum levels of ccf mtDNA have been seen to be of marked difference in people with cancer. These higher levels have shown to be a reliable non-invasive biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of many kinds of tumours.[2]
Specific analysis of tumor-derived circulating mitochondrial DNA is challenging in human samples as it requires to track in plasma defined mutations, or alterations from the mitochondrial genome. In animal models, separating tumor-derived DNA in plasma from non-tumor derived DNA is easier. A proof of principle demonstrated the sensitivity of detecting tumor-derived circulating mitochondrial DNA in the plasma, CSF and urine of xenografted animals. [3]
^Sheikh, Knvul (13 September 2018). "Brain's Dumped DNA May Lead to Stress, Depression". Scientific American. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
^Yu, M (October 2012). "Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a novel cancer biomarker: opportunities and challenges". Mitochondrial DNA. 23 (5): 329–32. doi:10.3109/19401736.2012.696625. PMID 22775429. S2CID 28301261.
^Mair, R (November 2018). "Measurement of plasma cell-free mitochondrial tumor DNA improves detection of glioblastoma in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models". Cancer Research. 79 (1): 220–230. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0074. PMC 6753020. PMID 30389699.
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cfDNA can be used to describe various forms of DNA freely circulating in body fluids, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free mitochondrial DNA...
dehydrogenase, reducing it to FADH2, and eventually to ubiquinone (Q) in the mitochondrial membrane, reducing it to ubiquinol (QH2) which is a substrate of the...
chromosomal disorder is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. These can occur in the form of numerical abnormalities, where there is an...
demonstrated by the charity Science for All with the 'Wild DNA' project. Circulating free DNA Exogenous DNA Extracellular RNA RNAs present in environmental samples...
"Real-Time PCR Designs to Estimate Nuclear and MitochondrialDNA Copy Number in Forensic and Ancient DNA Studies". Forensic Science International. 139...
in circulating blood, has been reported [1], [2]. Although it is assumed that Hsp60 extra-mitochondrial molecule is identical to the mitochondrial one...
chloroplast DNA are organized into operons. Unlike prokaryotic DNA molecules, chloroplast DNA molecules contain introns (plant mitochondrialDNAs do too,...
8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine levels in nuclear and mitochondrialDNA using the sodium iodide method to isolate DNA". Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (10): 2117–26. doi:10...
Some authors have proposed that the loss of mitochondrial function over time leads to the accumulation of DNA mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, and...
DNA (dsDNA) breaks and reseals them after managing torsion of DNA supercoils. Anthracyclines intercalated into DNA, form a stable anthracycline-DNA-topoisomerase...
not be related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra." Anderson's mitochondrialDNA was a match with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing...
a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The ATP synthase complex exists within the mitochondrial membrane (FO portion) and protrudes...
genetic information to the diploid offspring (excluding, in most cases, mitochondrialDNA). In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm...
with age include a reduction in quantity of mitochondrialDNA, as well as an increase in mitochondrialDNA mutations. Animal studies have demonstrated...
biogenesis, accumulation of damage and mutations in mitochondrialDNA, oxidation of mitochondrial proteins, and defective quality control by mitophagy...
S, Madesh M, Koch WJ, Sun J, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X (June 2016). "Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Endothelial...
chloroplasts (organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis), mitochondrialDNA, and the entire cell nucleus containing the genome to potentially...
cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrialDNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrialDNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative...
many eukaryotes from DNA repair mechanisms, as well as to regulate telomerase activity. In mammals and other vertebrates, telomeric DNA consists of repeating...
questionable to American scientists. The mitochondrialDNA from the skeletons was compared against mitochondrialDNA from relatives of the imperial family...
that population. The mitochondrialDNA of one hundred Zoroastrian-Parsi individuals sequenced created the “consensus mitochondrial genome” (AGENOME-ZPMCG...
Rhizaria), a grouping that had been presaged in 1993 through a study of mitochondrial morphologies. SAR is currently placed in the Diaphoretickes along with...
traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens. Neutrophils are the immune system's...
species are medium to large constrictors by nature. Based on the mitochondrialDNA analysis results, many species of Elaphe have been moved to the genera...
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