DNA located outside the chromosomes of a cell, and found for example in organelles or plasmids
Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions,[1] they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer.[2][3][4]
In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles.[1] Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.[5] The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.[6] Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.[1]
Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes.[7][8][3] ecDNA is considered to be a primary mechanism of gene amplification, resulting in many copies of driver oncogenes and very aggressive cancers.
Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm has been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA were different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.[9] In cancer cells, ecDNA have been shown to be primarily isolated to the nucleus (reviewed in [2]).
In addition to DNA found outside the nucleus in cells, infection by viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
^ abcRush MG, Misra R (November 1985). "Extrachromosomal DNA in eucaryotes". Plasmid. 14 (3): 177–91. doi:10.1016/0147-619X(85)90001-0. PMID 3912782.
^ abCite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Cancer May Be Driven by DNA Outside of Chromosomes". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
^Kuttler F, Mai S (February 2007). "Formation of non-random extrachromosomal elements during development, differentiation and oncogenesis". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 17 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.10.007. PMID 17116402.
^Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2014). Essential Cell Biology (Fourth ed.). New York, New York, USA: Garland Science. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-8153-4454-4.
^Nathanson DA, Gini B, Mottahedeh J, Visnyei K, Koga T, Gomez G, et al. (January 2014). "Targeted therapy resistance mediated by dynamic regulation of extrachromosomal mutant EGFR DNA". Science. 343 (6166): 72–6. Bibcode:2014Sci...343...72N. doi:10.1126/science.1241328. PMC 4049335. PMID 24310612.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Koch J, Vogt G, Kissel W (May 1983). "Cytoplasmic DNA is structurally different from nuclear DNA". Die Naturwissenschaften. 70 (5): 252–4. Bibcode:1983NW.....70..252K. doi:10.1007/BF00405447. PMID 6877387. S2CID 9721603.
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ExtrachromosomalDNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an...
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta...
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomalDNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They...
Extrachromosomal rDNA circles (aka ERC) are pieces of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) derived from ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Initially found in baker's...
walls, for example, yeast samples containing mixed DNA from multiple sources ExtrachromosomalDNA is generally easy to isolate, especially plasmids may...
chromosomes Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) Inverse polymerase chain...
an organism, virus, or extrachromosomalDNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, mitosis...
molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs...
known as the nucleoid ExtrachromosomalDNA, located outside of the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids The bacterial DNA is not packaged using...
Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomalDNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary...
reference genome consists of a 5,227,419 bp circular chromosome and two extrachromosomalDNA plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, of 181,677 and 94,830 bp respectively, which...
also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomalDNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal...
as extrachromosomalDNA. In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated recombination, taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence...
and phage systems. For example, it accounts for the failure of extrachromosomalDNAs without origins to replicate when introduced into host cells. It...
to memory, a neural activity effect Double minute, fragments of extrachromosomalDNA in human tumors Myotonic dystrophy (DM-1/2/3), a chronic muscle-wasting...
the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA replication occurs) and is followed by telophase and cytokinesis; which divides...
cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomalDNA. DNA is generally inserted into animal...
of chromosomal DNA that has been excised, amplified, and reinserted elsewhere in the genome, and to a fragment of extrachromosomalDNA known as a double...
in 2022, the firm began development of a new method for detecting extrachromosomalDNA through collaboration with startup firm Boundless Bio. The company...
These are generally circular extrachromosomalDNA molecules that replicate and are transmitted independently from chromosomal DNA. These molecules are present...
An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid, and contains two functioning (wild-type) closely linked genes: a...
survive outside of insects or plant phloem. Some phytoplasmas contain extrachromosomalDNA such as plasmids. Despite their small genomes, many predicted phytoplasma...
demonstrated the first viral vector, a modified SV40 virus. However, recombinant DNA research was temporarily suspended following the Asilomar Conference. Following...
Structures Telomere: Telomere-binding protein (TINF2) Protamine See also ExtrachromosomalDNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of sequenced genomes...
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