Small-scale two-dimensional array of samples on a solid support
"Microarrays" redirects here. For the journal, see Microarrays (journal).
A Venn diagram outlining and contrasting some aspects of the fields of bio-MEMS, lab-on-a-chip, μTAS
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A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip.[1] Its purpose is to simultaneously detect the expression of thousands of biological interactions. It is a two-dimensional array on a solid substrate—usually a glass slide or silicon thin-film cell—that assays (tests) large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screening miniaturized, multiplexed and parallel processing and detection methods. The concept and methodology of microarrays was first introduced and illustrated in antibody microarrays (also referred to as antibody matrix) by Tse Wen Chang in 1983 in a scientific publication[2] and a series of patents.[3][4][5] The "gene chip" industry started to grow significantly after the 1995 Science Magazine article by the Ron Davis and Pat Brown labs at Stanford University.[6] With the establishment of companies, such as Affymetrix, Agilent, Applied Microarrays, Arrayjet, Illumina, and others, the technology of DNA microarrays has become the most sophisticated and the most widely used, while the use of protein, peptide and carbohydrate microarrays[7] is expanding.
Types of microarrays include:
DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays, BAC microarrays and SNP microarrays
MMChips, for surveillance of microRNA populations
Protein microarrays
Peptide microarrays, for detailed analyses or optimization of protein–protein interactions
Tissue microarrays
Cellular microarrays (also called transfection microarrays)
Chemical compound microarrays
Antibody microarrays
Glycan arrays (carbohydrate arrays)
Phenotype microarrays
Reverse phase protein lysate microarrays, microarrays of lysates or serum
Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS)
People in the field of CMOS biotechnology are developing new kinds of microarrays. Once fed magnetic nanoparticles, individual cells can be moved independently and simultaneously on a microarray of magnetic coils. A microarray of nuclear magnetic resonance microcoils is under development.[8]
^Carroll, Gregory T.; Wang, Denong; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (2008). "Photons to illuminate the universe of sugar diversity through bioarrays". Glycoconjugate Journal. 25 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1007/s10719-007-9052-1. ISSN 0282-0080. PMC 7088275. PMID 17610157.
^Tse-Wen Chang, TW (1983). "Binding of cells to matrixes of distinct antibodies coated on solid surface". Journal of Immunological Methods. 65 (1–2): 217–23. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90318-6. PMID 6606681.
^US patent 4591570, "Matrix of antibody-coated spots for determination of antigens"
^US patent 4829010, "Immunoassay device enclosing matrixes of antibody spots for cell determinations"
^US patent 5100777, "Antibody matrix device and method for evaluating immune status"
^Schena, M.; Shalon, D.; Davis, R. W.; Brown, P. O. (1995). "Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray". Science. 270 (5235): 467–70. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..467S. doi:10.1126/science.270.5235.467. PMID 7569999. S2CID 6720459.
^Ham, Donhee; Westervelt, Robert M. (2007). "The silicon that Moves and Feels Small Living Things". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Newsletter. 12 (4): 4–9. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785650. S2CID 35867338.
carbohydrate microarrays is expanding. Types of microarrays include: DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays, BAC microarrays and...
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA...
Tissue microarrays (also TMAs) consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000 separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex...
A protein microarray (or protein chip) is a high-throughput method used to track the interactions and activities of proteins, and to determine their function...
A microarray database is a repository containing microarray gene expression data. The key uses of a microarray database are to store the measurement data...
Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA (Gene chip analysis), RNA, and protein microarrays...
A cellular microarray (or cell microarray) is a laboratory tool that allows for the multiplex interrogation of living cells on the surface of a solid support...
A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed on a solid surface, usually...
PMHC cellular microarrays are a type of cellular microarray that has been spotted with pMHC complexes peptide-MHC class I or peptide-MHC class II. These...
differentiated. Microarrays are not limited to DNA analysis; protein microarrays, antibody microarray, chemical compound microarray can also be produced...
further explored by other cytological techniques. Through the use of DNA microarrays in conjunction with CGH techniques, the more specific form of array CGH...
the life sciences and biomedical communities. Founded in 1999 as the "Microarray Gene Expression Data (MGED) Society", this organization changed its name...
An antibody microarray (also known as antibody array) is a specific form of protein microarray. In this technology, a collection of captured antibodies...
are derived from microarray or RNA-Seq experimental data. These data need to conform to the minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)...
biological sciences. There are two key contemporary techniques in the field: microarrays, which quantify a set of predetermined sequences, and RNA-Seq, which...
The phenotype microarray approach is a technology for high-throughput phenotyping of cells. A phenotype microarray system enables one to monitor simultaneously...
This microarray format is very similar to DNA microarray, protein microarray and antibody microarray. In chemical genetics research, they are routinely...
Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME) is a standard created by the FGED Society for reporting microarray experiments. MIAME is intended...
DNA microarrays are a useful analytical application of oligonucleotides. Compared to standard cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide based microarrays have...
Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA) is a technique that was developed by Michael Wigler and Rob Lucito at the Cold Spring Harbor...
steps in protocols for Southern blotting, in situ hybridization, DNA Microarray or Northern blotting. 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose...
detection of the marker might use real time PCR, direct sequencing,: ch 17 microarray chips—prefabricated chips that test many markers at once,: ch 24 or MALDI-TOF...
biological techniques are used to study the transcriptome, namely DNA microarray, a hybridization-based technique and RNA-seq, a sequence-based approach...
membrane are probed for modifications using specific substrates. A DNA microarray is a collection of spots attached to a solid support such as a microscope...
A reverse phase protein lysate microarray (RPMA) is a protein microarray designed as a dot-blot platform that allows measurement of protein expression...
profiles in bulk tissue, single cells, or single nuclei in assays such as microarrays, qPCR, and RNA-seq. In natural forms, cDNA is produced by retroviruses...
(variables, predictors) for use in model construction. Stylometry and DNA microarray analysis are two cases where feature selection is used. It should be distinguished...
schools. These charities are financed using royalty income from licensing microarray technology. The Southern blot is used for DNA analysis and was routinely...
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