Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics. Commonly made in the laboratory by solid-phase chemical synthesis,[1] these small fragments of nucleic acids can be manufactured as single-stranded molecules with any user-specified sequence, and so are vital for artificial gene synthesis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, molecular cloning and as molecular probes. In nature, oligonucleotides are usually found as small RNA molecules that function in the regulation of gene expression (e.g. microRNA),[2] or are degradation intermediates derived from the breakdown of larger nucleic acid molecules.
Oligonucleotides are characterized by the sequence of nucleotide residues that make up the entire molecule. The length of the oligonucleotide is usually denoted by "-mer" (from Greek meros, "part"). For example, an oligonucleotide of six nucleotides (nt) is a hexamer, while one of 25 nt would usually be called a "25-mer". Oligonucleotides readily bind, in a sequence-specific manner, to their respective complementary oligonucleotides, DNA, or RNA to form duplexes or, less often, hybrids of a higher order. This basic property serves as a foundation for the use of oligonucleotides as probes for detecting specific sequences of DNA or RNA. Examples of procedures that use oligonucleotides include DNA microarrays, Southern blots, ASO analysis,[3] fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), PCR, and the synthesis of artificial genes.
Oligonucleotides are composed of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides (oligodeoxyribonucleotides), which can be modified at the backbone or on the 2' sugar position to achieve different pharmacological effects. These modifications give new properties to the oligonucleotides and make them a key element in antisense therapy.[4][5]
^Yang J, Stolee JA, Jiang H, Xiao L, Kiesman WF, Antia FD, et al. (October 2018). "Solid-Phase Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Using Sulfurization Byproducts for in Situ Capping". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83 (19): 11577–11585. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.8b01553. PMID 30179468. S2CID 52157806.
^Qureshi A, Thakur N, Monga I, Thakur A, Kumar M (1 January 2014). "VIRmiRNA: a comprehensive resource for experimentally validated viral miRNAs and their targets". Database. 2014: bau103. doi:10.1093/database/bau103. PMC 4224276. PMID 25380780.
^Monga I, Qureshi A, Thakur N, Gupta AK, Kumar M (2017). "ASPsiRNA: A Resource of ASP-siRNAs Having Therapeutic Potential for Human Genetic Disorders and Algorithm for Prediction of Their Inhibitory Efficacy". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 7 (9): 2931–2943. doi:10.1534/g3.117.044024. PMC 5592921. PMID 28696921.
^Weiss, B., ed. (1997). Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides and Antisense RNA : Novel Pharmacological and Therapeutic Agents. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press
^Weiss B, Davidkova G, Zhou LW (1999). "Antisense RNA gene therapy for studying and modulating biological processes". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 55 (3): 334–58. doi:10.1007/s000180050296. PMID 10228554. S2CID 9448271.
Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics. Commonly...
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique...
open reading frames. Although oligonucleotide probes are often used in "spotted" microarrays, the term "oligonucleotide array" most often refers to a...
fluorescein dye used in oligonucleotide synthesis and molecular biology. FAM is used in the preparation of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide probes for the detection...
Antisense therapy is a form of treatment that uses antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target messenger RNA (mRNA). ASOs are capable of altering mRNA...
Zimmermann S, Albrecht I, Heeg K (May 2002). "Phosphodiester CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants: polyguanosine runs enhance cellular uptake and improve...
Each probe for the detection of mRNA and lncRNA is composed of ~20-50 oligonucleotide pairs, each pair covering a space of 40–50 bp. The specifics depend...
IDT's primary business is the manufacturing of custom DNA and RNA oligonucleotides (oligos) for research applications. Joseph A. Walder, M.D., Ph.D. (Northwestern...
combinatorial chemistry technique in molecular biology for producing oligonucleotides of either single-stranded DNA or RNA that specifically bind to a target...
Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA) is a technique that was developed by Michael Wigler and Rob Lucito at the Cold Spring Harbor...
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession...
protection of the 5'-hydroxy group in nucleosides, particularly in oligonucleotide synthesis. It is usually bound to a molecule, but can exist as a stable...
tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF. Commonly protects 2'-hydroxy function in oligonucleotide synthesis. Triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) ethers) — Similar conditions to...
inter-nucleotide phosphodiester bonds, thereby enabling template-directed oligonucleotide replication before the advent of enzymes. Phosphorimidazolides were...
Bepirovirsen (GSK3228836) is an antisense oligonucleotide developed to treat hepatitis B infection. Mak, Lung-Yi; Hui, Rex Wan-Hin; Fung, James; Seto...
derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleosides. They are used to synthesize oligonucleotides, relatively short fragments of nucleic acid and their analogs. Nucleoside...
microscope slide where each spot contains one or more single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide fragments. Arrays make it possible to put down large quantities of...
can be added to a vector. The first step is designing complementary oligonucleotide sequences that contain restriction enzyme sites along with additional...
makes use of a specifically engineered single-stranded oligonucleotide probe. The oligonucleotide is designed such that there are complementary regions...
Phosphodiesterase 1, PDE1, EC 3.1.4.1, systematic name oligonucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase) is a phosphodiesterase enzyme also known as calcium- and...
Gapmers are short DNA antisense oligonucleotide structures with RNA-like segments on both sides of the sequence. These linear pieces of genetic information...
The 105 regions with atypical oligonucleotide composition can be differentiated by their patterns of oligonucleotide usage into categories of horizontally...
type of site-directed mutagenesis that uses a short, double-stranded oligonucleotide sequence (gene cassette) to replace a fragment of target DNA. It uses...
produces oligonucleotide fragments that are generally under 200 base pairs. The second step then involves connecting these oligonucleotide fragments...
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