For treatment of magnesium deficiency, see Magnesium (medical use). For magnesium deficiency in plants, see chlorosis.
Medical condition
Magnesium deficiency
Other names
Hypomagnesia, hypomagnesemia
Magnesium
Specialty
Endocrinology
Symptoms
Tremor, poor coordination, nystagmus, seizures[1]
Complications
Seizures, cardiac arrest (torsade de pointes), low potassium[1]
Causes
Alcoholism, starvation, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, poor absorption from the intestines, certain medications[1][2]
Diagnostic method
Blood levels < 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL)[1]
Treatment
Magnesium salts[2]
Frequency
Relatively common (hospitalized people)[2]
Magnesium deficiency is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the body. It can result in multiple symptoms.[3] Symptoms include tremor, poor coordination, muscle spasms, loss of appetite, personality changes, and nystagmus.[1][2] Complications may include seizures or cardiac arrest such as from torsade de pointes.[1] Those with low magnesium often have low potassium.[1]
Causes include low dietary intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, poor absorption from the intestines, and diabetes mellitus.[1][4][5] A number of medications may also cause low magnesium, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide.[2] The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia).[6] Normal magnesium levels are between 0.6 and 1.1 mmol/L (1.46–2.68 mg/dL) with levels less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) defining hypomagnesemia.[1] Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be seen.[1]
Treatment is with magnesium either by mouth or intravenously.[2] For those with severe symptoms, intravenous magnesium sulfate may be used.[1] Associated low potassium or low calcium should also be treated.[2] The condition is relatively common among people in hospitals.[2]
^ abcdefghijkSoar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJ, et al. (October 2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution". Resuscitation. 81 (10): 1400–1433. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015. PMID 20956045.
^ abcdefgh"Hypomagnesemia". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^"Definition of Magnesium Deficiency". MedicineNet.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
^de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (January 2015). "Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease". Physiological Reviews. 95 (1): 1–46. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.668.9777. doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2014. PMID 25540137. S2CID 4999601.
^Gommers LM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, de Baaij JH (January 2016). "Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle?". Diabetes. 65 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2337/db15-1028. PMID 26696633.
^Goldman L, Schafer AI (2015). Goldman-Cecil Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 775. ISBN 9780323322850.
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