Fragment of bovine prothrombin in complex with calcium and lysophosphatidylserine. The protein associate with membrane through its alpha-helical GLA domain. The adjacent kringle domain is beta-structural (yellow).
Identifiers
Symbol
Kringle
Pfam
PF00051
InterPro
IPR000001
SMART
KR
PROSITE
PDOC00020
SCOP2
1pk4 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily
115
OPM protein
1h8p
CDD
cd00108
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Kringle domains are autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages. These are important in protein–protein interactions with blood coagulation factors. Their name refers to the Kringle, a Scandinavian pastry which they somewhat resemble.
Kringle domains have been found in plasminogen, hepatocyte growth factors, prothrombin, and apolipoprotein(a).
Kringles are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins. Kringle domains are believed to play a role in binding mediators (e.g., membranes, other proteins or phospholipids), and in the regulation of proteolytic activity.[1][2][3] Kringle domains[4][5][6] are characterised by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen
activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.
^Fujikawa K, McMullen BA (1985). "Amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of human alpha-factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor)". J. Biol. Chem. 260 (9): 5328–5341. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89026-3. PMID 3886654.
^Patthy L, Trexler M, Banyai L, Varadi A, Vali Z (1984). "Kringles: modules specialized for protein binding. Homology of the gelatin-binding region of fibronectin with the kringle structures of proteases". FEBS Lett. 171 (1): 131–136. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(84)80473-1. PMID 6373375. S2CID 12669742.
^Atkinson RA, Williams RJ (1990). "Solution structure of the kringle 4 domain from human plasminogen by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and distance geometry". J. Mol. Biol. 212 (3): 541–552. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(90)90330-O. PMID 2157850.
^Castellino FJ, Beals JM (1987). "The genetic relationships between the kringle domains of human plasminogen, prothrombin, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, and coagulation factor XII". J. Mol. Evol. 26 (4): 358–369. Bibcode:1987JMolE..26..358C. doi:10.1007/BF02101155. PMID 3131537. S2CID 22249781.
^Patthy L (1985). "Evolution of the proteases of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis by assembly from modules". Cell. 41 (3): 657–663. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80046-5. PMID 3891096. S2CID 32104232.
^Takahashi K, Ikeo K, Gojobori T (1991). "Evolutionary origin of numerous kringles in human and simian apolipoprotein(a)". FEBS Lett. 287 (1): 146–148. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80036-3. PMID 1879523. S2CID 13366195.
Kringledomains are autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages. These are important in protein–protein interactions...
entangled feature found in some proteins, the so-called kringledomain. In Denmark, kringle denotes the pretzel-like knotted shape rather than the pretzel...
is stabilized by interactions between inter-kringle peptides and kringles, although the kringledomains do not directly interact with each other. Angiostatin...
three domains: the serine protease domain (consisting of residues 159–411), the kringledomain (consisting of residues 50-131), and the EGF-like domain (consisting...
native plasminogen the PAN domain is associated with five kringledomains. The interactions between the PAN domain and the kringles play a critical role in...
chain contains two fibronectin-type domains (type I and II), two epidermal growth factor-like domains, a kringledomain, and a proline-rich region, and its...
cell migration of endothelial cells, downregulate bFGF prothrombin (kringledomain-2), antithrombin III fragment inhibit cell proliferation of endothelial...
widespread protein modules are the following domains: SH2, immunoglobulin, fibronectin type 3 and the kringle. Molecular evolution gives rise to families...
Rhizostomeae. These proteins are composed of a Kringledomain inserted within a cysteine-rich Frizzled domain, first identified in 2004 as the blue pigment...
is composed of four domains; an N-terminal Gla domain, two kringledomains and a C-terminal trypsin-like serine protease domain. Factor Xa with factor...
Genome Browser. Wewer UM, Albrechtsen R (1992). "Tetranectin, a plasminogen kringle 4-binding protein. Cloning and gene expression pattern in human colon cancer"...
library for angiostatin-binding peptides, using a construct encoding the kringledomains 1-4 of angiostatin. AMOT gene is located on human chromosome X:112...
expression is upregulated by plasminogen kringledomains 1-4 (also known as angiostatin) and the kringle 5 (K5) domain. Hypoxia, or low oxygen conditions,...
glutamine, both within the kringle 1 domain, and a tetra-alanine substitution at amino acids 296–299 in the protease domain. Tenecteplase is a recombinant...
antagonist. NK4 is a molecule bearing the N-terminal hairpin and the four kringledomains of HGF. Moreover, NK4 is structurally similar to angiostatins, which...
with angiogenesis inhibitor activity. Angiostatin fragments contain kringledomains which exert their inhibitory activity at several different levels;...
locus on human chromosome 3: identification of a gene coding for four kringledomains with homology to hepatocyte growth factor". Biochemistry. 30 (40):...
interaction with plasminogen. Evidence for binding to a specific region of the kringle structure of plasminogen". Blood. 73 (4): 976–82. doi:10.1182/blood.V73...
locus on human chromosome 3: identification of a gene coding for four kringledomains with homology to hepatocyte growth factor". Biochemistry. 30 (40):...
kringle 3 domain of plasminogen, resulting in a novel type of dysplasminogenemia. The mutation creates a new lysine-binding site within the kringle 3...
shows Harry that one of his mantles is that of Kringle, or the real Santa Claus. In the mantle of Kringle, he is considered to be a Winter King, with power...
Global Information