An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement.[1] The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complement can be any length including zero. For example, 5'---TTACGnnnnnnCGTAA---3' is an inverted repeat sequence. When the intervening length is zero, the composite sequence is a palindromic sequence.[2]
Both inverted repeats and direct repeats constitute types of nucleotide sequences that occur repetitively. These repeated DNA sequences often range from a pair of nucleotides to a whole gene, while the proximity of the repeat sequences varies between widely dispersed and simple tandem arrays.[3] The short tandem repeat sequences may exist as just a few copies in a small region to thousands of copies dispersed all over the genome of most eukaryotes.[4] Repeat sequences with about 10–100 base pairs are known as minisatellites, while shorter repeat sequences having mostly 2–4 base pairs are known as microsatellites.[5] The most common repeats include the dinucleotide repeats, which have the bases AC on one DNA strand, and GT on the complementary strand.[3] Some elements of the genome with unique sequences function as exons, introns and regulatory DNA.[6] Though the most familiar loci of the repetitive sequences are the centromere and the telomere,[6] a large portion of the repeated sequences in the genome are found among the noncoding DNA.[5]
Inverted repeats have a number of important biological functions. They define the boundaries in transposons and indicate regions capable of self-complementary base pairing (regions within a single sequence which can base pair with each other). These properties play an important role in genome instability[7] and contribute not only to cellular evolution and genetic diversity[8] but also to mutation and disease.[9] In order to study these effects in detail, a number of programs and databases have been developed to assist in discovery and annotation of inverted repeats in various genomes.
^Ussery, David W.; Wassenaar, Trudy; Borini, Stefano (2008-12-22). "Word Frequencies, Repeats, and Repeat-related Structures in Bacterial Genomes". Computing for Comparative Microbial Genomics: Bioinformatics for Microbiologists. Computational Biology. Vol. 8 (1 ed.). Springer. pp. 133–144. ISBN 978-1-84800-254-8.
^Ye, Congting; Ji, Guoli; Liang, Chun (2014). "detectIR: A Novel Program for Detecting Perfect and Imperfect Inverted Repeats Using Complex Numbers and Vector Calculation". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e113349. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k3349Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113349. PMC 4237412. PMID 25409465.
^ abRichards, GR; Richards, RI (Apr 25, 1995). "Simple tandem DNA repeats and human genetic disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (9): 3636–41. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.3636S. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.9.3636. PMC 42017. PMID 7731957.
^van Belkum, A; Scherer, S; van Alphen, L; Verbrugh, H (June 1998). "Short-sequence DNA repeats in prokaryotic genomes". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 62 (2): 275–93. doi:10.1128/MMBR.62.2.275-293.1998. PMC 98915. PMID 9618442.
^ abRamel, C (June 1997). "Mini- and microsatellites". Environmental Health Perspectives. 105 (Suppl 4): 781–9. doi:10.2307/3433284. JSTOR 3433284. PMC 1470042. PMID 9255562.
^ abEichler, EE (August 1998). "Masquerading repeats: paralogous pitfalls of the human genome". Genome Research. 8 (8): 758–62. doi:10.1101/gr.8.8.758. PMID 9724321.
^Cite error: The named reference Voineagu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lin, CT; Lin, WH; Lyu, YL; Whang-Peng, J (Sep 1, 2001). "Inverted repeats as genetic elements for promoting DNA inverted duplication: implications in gene amplification". Nucleic Acids Research. 29 (17): 3529–38. doi:10.1093/nar/29.17.3529. PMC 55881. PMID 11522822.
^Cite error: The named reference bissler was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
An invertedrepeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement. The intervening sequence of nucleotides...
subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. It is included within the Invertedrepeat-lacking clade (IRLC). Five genera are included: Lathyrus L. (vetchlings)...
have since lost the invertedrepeats. Others, like the red alga Porphyra flipped one of its invertedrepeats (making them direct repeats). It is possible...
identified by short direct repeats (a staggered cut in the target DNA filled by DNA polymerase) followed by invertedrepeats (which are important for the...
cruciform DNA requires the presence of palindromes called invertedrepeat sequences. These invertedrepeats contain a sequence of DNA in one strand that is repeated...
unique short (US), as well as terminal invertedrepeats found to the two ends of them named repeat long (RL) and repeat short (RS). There are also minor "terminal...
pollicaris, was shown to have a family of AT-rich satellites with invertedrepeat structures that comprised 30% of the entire genome. Another cryptic...
subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. It is included within the invertedrepeat-lacking clade (IRLC). All of the members of this tribe are trifoliate...
tandem repeats being more common than invertedrepeats (which may interfere with DNA replication). VNTRs are the class of clustered tandem repeats that...
through exon shuffling.[citation needed] DNA transposon with Terminal invertedrepeats (TIRs) can also contribute to gene shuffling. In plants, some non-autonomous...
terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats (tandem repeat sequences)...
housekeeping genes and apparently involves the secondary gain of a large invertedrepeat". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (10): 2789–2796. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz187...
sequence is usually flanked by invertedrepeats. For example, the well-known IS911 (1250 bp) is flanked by two 36bp invertedrepeat extremities and the coding...
therefore regulate transcription. The sequence is most commonly a pair of invertedrepeats separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor...
forward and backward on a single strand of DNA, as in GTAATG. The invertedrepeat palindrome is also a sequence that reads the same forward and backward...
by a pair of invertedrepeats (terminal/internal repeat long TRL/IRL and internal/terminal repeat short IRS/TRS). Both sets of repeats share a region...
radiology and interventional radiologist, an independent medical specialty Invertedrepeat, a sequence of nucleotides that is the reversed complement of another...
increased if the novel inserted DNA contains many direct repeats or palindromic (invertedrepeats) DNA. This instability can largely be counteracted by using...
length of DNA, and the second half-site has a sequence inverted from the first (invertedrepeat). Type I nuclear receptors include members of subfamily...
monkeys. The color patterns of Mimulus flowers are determined by an invertedrepeat in the YELLOW UPPER (YUP) genetic locus. YUP causes production of phase-patterned...
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