"Mobile DNA" redirects here. For the academic journal, see Mobile DNA (journal).
A bacterial DNA transposon
A transposable element (TE,transposon, or jumping gene) is a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.[1] Transposition often results in duplication of the same genetic material. In the human genome, L1 and Alu elements are two examples.[2] Barbara McClintock's discovery of them earned her a Nobel Prize in 1983.[3] Its importance in personalized medicine is becoming increasingly relevant, as well as gaining more attention in data analytics given the difficulty of analysis in very high dimensional spaces.[4][further explanation needed]
Transposable elements make up a large fraction of the genome and are responsible for much of the mass of DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Although TEs are selfish genetic elements, many are important in genome function and evolution.[5] Transposons are also very useful to researchers as a means to alter DNA inside a living organism.
There are at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons generally function via reverse transcription, while Class II TEs or DNA transposons encode the protein transposase, which they require for insertion and excision, and some of these TEs also encode other proteins.[6]
^Bourque G, Burns KH, Gehring M, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Hammell M, et al. (November 2018). "Ten things you should know about transposable elements". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 199. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1577-z. PMC 6240941. PMID 30454069.
^Altemose, Nicolas; Logsdon, Glennis A.; Bzikadze, Andrey V.; Sidhwani, Pragya; Langley, Sasha A.; Caldas, Gina V.; Hoyt, Savannah J.; Uralsky, Lev; Ryabov, Fedor D.; Shew, Colin J.; Sauria, Michael E. G.; Borchers, Matthew; Gershman, Ariel; Mikheenko, Alla; Shepelev, Valery A. (April 2022). "Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres". Science. 376 (6588): eabl4178. doi:10.1126/science.abl4178. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 9233505. PMID 35357911.
^McClintock B (June 1950). "The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (6): 344–55. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..344M. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.6.344. PMC 1063197. PMID 15430309.
^Wellinger, RE, et al. (2022). "A new challenge for data analytics: transposons". BioData Mining. 15 (9): 9. doi:10.1186/s13040-022-00294-x. PMC 8957154. PMID 35337342.
^Bucher E, Reinders J, Mirouze M (November 2012). "Epigenetic control of transposon transcription and mobility in Arabidopsis". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 15 (5): 503–10. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2012.08.006. PMID 22940592.
^Pray LA (2008). "Transposons: The jumping genes". Nature Education. 1 (1): 204.
and 25 Related for: Transposable element information
A transposableelement (TE, transposon, or jumping gene) is a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating...
the center of the transposableelement. This results in two recombinant duplexes containing the semi conserved transposableelement flanked by the previous...
their own, while nonautonomous ones require the presence of another transposableelement's gene, transposase, to move. There are three main classifications...
(October 1982). "A virus mutant with an insertion of a copia-like transposableelement". Nature. 299 (5883): 562–4. Bibcode:1982Natur.299..562M. doi:10...
transcriptase and endonuclease activity. LINEs are the most abundant transposableelement within the human genome, with approximately 20.7% of the sequences...
existence of transposable elements, which are now recognized to be among the most successful selfish genetic elements. The discovery of transposable elements...
from bacterial chromosomes. Transposons that, besides their inherent transposable activity, can additionally be subject to horizontal gene transfer via...
into a cell's genome. It is built upon the natural PiggyBac (PB) transposableelement (transposon), enabling the back and forth movement of genes between...
Insertion element (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposableelement. Insertion...
of the genomes of many eukaryotes. A retrotransposon is a transposableelement that transposes through an RNA intermediate. Retrotransposons are composed...
An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire...
double-strand breaks. The role of transposable elements in ectopic recombination is an area of active inquiry. Transposable elements—repetitious sequences...
Replicative transposition is a mechanism of transposition in molecular biology, proposed by James A. Shapiro in 1979, in which the transposableelement is duplicated...
Makałowski W, Toda Y (2007). "Modulation of Host Genes by Mammalian Transposable Elements". In Volff JN, Schmid M (eds.). Gene and Protein Evolution....
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposableelement characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal coding...
In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, it switches the row and column indices of...
below the human range of hearing Insertion sequence, a short DNA transposableelement Intersex, an organism with sex characteristics neither exclusively...
mutagenesis (also known as STM) is a technique focused on using transposableelement insertion to determine the phenotype of a locus in an organism's...
Peter L.; Jones, Peter A. (11 August 2020). "DNA methylation enables transposableelement-driven genome expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of...
combine to form Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia. Updated analysis of transposableelement insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth...
of causing a fatal mutation in the host, and thus eliminating the transposableelement. One of the reasons Tn5 is so unreactive is because the N- and C-termini...
that are found in the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales. A transposableelement (TE) (also called a transposon or jumping gene) is a mobile segment...
Tn10 is a transposableelement, which is a sequence of DNA that is capable of mediating its own movement from one position in the DNA of the host organism...
in some types of non-coding DNA. Intron size has been reduced, while transposable elements are almost absent. Gynaephora groenlandica, a species of Arctic...
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