For ions in inorganic compounds, see Ionic compounds.
Inorganic ions in animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity.[1] In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids as well as performing a number of other important functions. Below is a list of some of the most important ions for living things as well as examples of their functions:
Ca2+ – calcium ions are a component of bones and teeth. They also function as biological messengers, as do most of the ions listed below. (See Hypocalcaemia.)
Zn2+ - zinc ions are found in very small concentrations in the body, and their main purpose is that of an antioxidant; the zinc ions act as antioxidants both generally and for liver specific pro-oxidants.[2] Zinc ions can also act as an antioxidant-like stabilizer for some macro-molecules which bind zinc ions with high affinity, especially in cysteine-rich binding sites.[2] These binding sites use these zinc ions as a stabilizer to protein folds, making these protein motifs more rigid in structure. These structures include zinc fingers, and have several different conformations.[2]
K+ – potassium ions' main function in animals is osmotic balance, particularly in the kidneys. (See Hypokalemia.)
Na+ – sodium ions have a similar role to potassium ions. (See Sodium deficiency.)
Mn2+- manganese ions are seen being used as stabilizer for varying protein configurations. However, manganese ion overexposure is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.[3]
Mg2+ – magnesium ions are a component of chlorophyll. (See Magnesium deficiency (plants))
Cl− – inability to transport chloride ions in humans manifests itself as cystic fibrosis (CF)
CO2− 3 – the shells of sea creatures are calcium carbonate. In blood approximately 85% of carbon dioxide, is converted into aqueous carbonate ions (an acidic solution), allowing a greater rate of transportation.
Co2+- cobalt ions are present in the human body in amounts from 1 to 2 mg.[4] Cobalt is observed in the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen, and considerably smaller quantities in the pancreas, brain, and serum.[4][5] Cobalt is a necessary component of vitamin B12 and a fundamental coenzyme of cell mitosis.[5] Cobalt is crucial for amino acid formation and some proteins to create myelin sheath in nerve cells.[6][3] Cobalt also plays a role in creating neurotransmitters, which are vital for proper function within the organism.[3]
PO3− 4 – adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a common molecule which stores energy in an accessible form. Bone is calcium phosphate.
Fe2+/Fe3+ – as found in haemoglobin, the main oxygen carrying molecule has a central iron ion.
NO− 3 – source of nitrogen in plants for the synthesis of proteins.
^"Inorganic Ions". RSC.
^ abcBray, Tammy M.; Bettger, William J. (1990-01-01). "The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 8 (3): 281–291. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90076-U. ISSN 0891-5849. PMID 2187766.
^ abcLevy, Barry S.; Nassetta, William J. (2003-04-01). "Neurologic Effects of Manganese in Humans: A Review". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 9 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1179/oeh.2003.9.2.153. ISSN 1077-3525. PMID 12848244. S2CID 46339844.
^ abBattaglia, Valentina; Compagnone, Alessandra; Bandino, Andrea; Bragadin, Marcantonio; Rossi, Carlo Alberto; Zanetti, Filippo; Colombatto, Sebastiano; Grillo, Maria Angelica; Toninello, Antonio (March 2009). "Cobalt induces oxidative stress in isolated liver mitochondria responsible for permeability transition and intrinsic apoptosis in hepatocyte primary cultures" (PDF). The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 41 (3): 586–594. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.012. hdl:10278/33504. PMID 18708157.
Inorganicions in animals and plants are ions necessary for vital cellular activity. In body tissues, ions are also known as electrolytes, essential for...
specified below, as some ions of an earlier group may also react with the reagent of a later group, causing ambiguity as to which ions are present. This happens...
, monovalent) ions like Na+, K+, and Cl−. Doubly charged monatomic (i.e., divalent) ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+. Polyatomic inorganicions like SO2− 4 and...
Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions. The cation is always named first. Ions can be metals, non-metals...
Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the cyanohydrins do and are thus toxic. The cyanide ion −C≡N is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide −C≡O+...
can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate, (P 2O 7)4− , and triphosphate, (P 3O 10)5− . The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long...
inorganic carbon (DIC) includes three major aqueous species, CO2, HCO− 3 ,CO2− 3, and to a lesser extent their complexes in solution with metal ions....
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds, as opposed to organic acids which are acidic, organic compounds...
central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn...
may refer to Monohydrogen phosphate, inorganicion with the formula [HPO4]2− Dihydrogen phosphate, inorganicion with the formula [H2PO4]− Potassium hydrogen...
Hydroxyapatite in bones Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose DNA and RNA Inorganicions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate Gases mainly...
a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton...
soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganicions.[1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the...
concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and...
compounds. Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions. In the...
fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ions occur on Earth in several minerals, particularly fluorite...
treat the tissues and cells. They provide the cells with water and inorganicions, while maintaining a physiological pH and osmotic pressure. Sometimes...
atmosphere produce a mixture of oxides of nitrogen, which form nitrous ions and nitrate ions, which are washed from the atmosphere by rain or in occult deposition...
of inorganic compounds include the inorganic salts and complexes of the carbon-containing cyanide, cyanate, fulminate, thiocyanate and cyanamide ions. Examples...
(positive) ions, and bases are the compounds that result in the increase of the solvate (negative) ions, where solvonium and solvate are the ions found in...
(100 kPa) and the activity coefficient of hydrogen ions in the solution is unity. The activity of hydrogen ions is their effective concentration, which is equal...
Dihydrogen phosphate is an inorganicion with the formula [H2PO4]−. Phosphates occur widely in natural systems. These sodium phosphates are artificially...
HSAB theory takes into account polarizability and size of ions. Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are numerous, but include: organometallic chemistry...
actively secrete salt in order to reduce the concentration of cytotoxic inorganicions in their cytoplasm; this may lead to the formation of a white powdery...
concentration of bicarbonate ions by secreting H+ ions into the urine while, at the same time, reabsorbing HCO− 3 ions into the blood plasma, or vice...
Calcium is also required at other points in the coagulation cascade. Calcium ions play a major role in the regulation of coagulation cascade that is paramount...
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