Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1863)
First isolation
Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1864)
Isotopes of indium
v
e
Main isotopes[9]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
111In
synth
2.8 d
ε
111Cd
113In
4.28%
stable
115In
95.7%
4.41×1014 y
β−
115Sn
Category: Indium
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Indium is a chemical element; it has symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal and one of the softest elements. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and its properties are largely intermediate between the two.[10] It was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum.[11]
Indium is a technology-critical element used primarily in the production of flat-panel displays as indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent and conductive coating applied to glass.[12][13][14] Indium is also used in the semiconductor industry,[15] in low-melting-point metal alloys such as solders and soft-metal high-vacuum seals. It is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals, chiefly from sphalerite and other zinc sulfide ores.[16]
Indium has no biological role and its compounds are toxic when inhaled or injected into the bloodstream, although they are poorly absorbed following ingestion.[17][18]
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Indium". CIAAW. 2011.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abcArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Mangum, B. W. (1989). "Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures". Metrologia. 26 (4): 211. Bibcode:1989Metro..26..211M. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/4/001.
^Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [1], p. 6.
^Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^W. M. Haynes (2010). David R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-2077-3.
^Cite error: The named reference Venetskii was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Wang, Zhaokui; Naka, Shigeki; Okada, Hiroyuki (30 November 2009). "Influence of ITO patterning on reliability of organic light emitting devices". Thin Solid Films. 518 (2): 497–500. Bibcode:2009TSF...518..497W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.029. ISSN 0040-6090.
^Chen, Zhangxian; Li, Wanchao; Li, Ran; Zhang, Yunfeng; Xu, Guoqin; Cheng, Hansong (2013-10-28). "Fabrication of Highly Transparent and Conductive Indium–Tin Oxide Thin Films with a High Figure of Merit via Solution Processing". Langmuir. 29 (45): 13836–13842. doi:10.1021/la4033282. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 24117323.
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Nirmal, D.; Ajayan, J. (2019-01-01), Kaushik, Brajesh Kumar (ed.), "Chapter 3 - InP-Based High-Electron-Mobility Transistors for High-Frequency Applications", Nanoelectronics, Advanced Nanomaterials, Elsevier, pp. 95–114, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813353-8.00012-9, ISBN 978-0-12-813353-8, retrieved 2023-12-08
^Cite error: The named reference Frenzel-2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Sauler was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference toxic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Indium is a chemical element; it has symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal and one of the softest elements. Chemically...
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can be described...
Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary semiconductor composed of indium and phosphorus. It has a face-centered cubic ("zincblende") crystal structure, identical...
Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from...
Indium acetate is an acetate of indium, with the chemical formula In(CH3COO)3. It is soluble in water, acetic acid and mineral acids. It is the precursor...
Indium (49In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (115In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden...
compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves decaying...
periodic table, consisting of boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl) and nihonium (Nh). This group lies in the p-block of...
Indium arsenide, InAs, or indium monoarsenide, is a narrow-bandgap semiconductor composed of indium and arsenic. It has the appearance of grey cubic crystals...
Indium lung is a rare occupational lung disease caused by exposure to respirable indium in the form of indium tin oxide. It is classified as an interstitial...
about 4%. Indium-rich solders (usually indium-lead) are more suitable for soldering thicker gold layers as the dissolution rate of gold in indium is much...
tensile strength increases with increasing tin content. Indium-tin alloys with high indium content have very low tensile strength. For soldering semiconductor...
periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (aluminium, indium, and thallium). Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, silvery metal at...
(SRS). Octreotide, a drug similar to somatostatin, is radiolabeled with indium-111, and is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The...
Indium selenide, an inorganic compound composed of indium and selenium, refers to: Indium(II) selenide Indium(III) selenide This set index article lists...
Indium Corporation is a materials refiner, smelter, manufacturer, and supplier to the global electronics, semiconductor, thin-film, and thermal management...
Indium bromide may refer to: Indium(I) bromide, InBr Indium(III) bromide, InBr3; when molten it is dimeric, In2Br6, and it is predominantly dimeric in...
Indium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula In(ClO 4) 3. The compound is an indium salt of perchloric acid. Dissolving indium...
Indium nitride (InN) is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics. The bandgap of...
proper names are indium(I) fluoride, indium(I) chloride, indium(I) bromide and indium(I) iodide. The intermediate halides contain indium with oxidation...
seals Indium seal Indium wire o-ring Indium wire seal Low profile indium seal Low temperature seal Reusable cryogenic vacuum seal Reusable indium wire...
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, InxGa1−xN) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). It is a ternary...