a = 452.05 pm b = 766.25 pm c = 452.66 pm (at 20 °C)[5]
Thermal expansion
20.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[5][a]
Thermal conductivity
40.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity
270 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility
−21.6×10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[8]
Young's modulus
9.8 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod
2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio
0.47
Mohs hardness
1.5
Brinell hardness
56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number
7440-55-3
History
Naming
after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
Prediction
Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation
Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Isotopes of gallium
v
e
Main isotopes[9]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
66Ga
synth
9.5 h
β+
66Zn
67Ga
synth
3.3 d
ε
67Zn
68Ga
synth
1.2 h
β+
68Zn
69Ga
60.1%
stable
70Ga
synth
21 min
β−
70Ge
ε
70Zn
71Ga
39.9%
stable
72Ga
synth
14.1 h
β−
72Ge
73Ga
synth
4.9 h
β−
73Ge
Category: Gallium
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Gallium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875,[10] gallium is in group 13 of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (aluminium, indium, and thallium).
Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, silvery metal at standard temperature and pressure. In its liquid state, it becomes silvery white. If enough force is applied, solid gallium may fracture conchoidally. Since its discovery in 1875, gallium has widely been used to make alloys with low melting points. It is also used in semiconductors, as a dopant in semiconductor substrates.
The melting point of gallium is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in thermometers as a non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative to mercury, and can withstand higher temperatures than mercury. An even lower melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water, is claimed for the alloy galinstan (62–95% gallium, 5–22% indium, and 0–16% tin by weight), but that may be the freezing point with the effect of supercooling.
Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but rather as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores (such as sphalerite) and in bauxite. Elemental gallium is a liquid at temperatures greater than 29.76 °C (85.57 °F), and will melt in a person's hands at normal human body temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).
Gallium is predominantly used in electronics. Gallium arsenide, the primary chemical compound of gallium in electronics, is used in microwave circuits, high-speed switching circuits, and infrared circuits. Semiconducting gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride produce blue and violet light-emitting diodes and diode lasers. Gallium is also used in the production of artificial gadolinium gallium garnet for jewelry. Gallium is considered a technology-critical element by the United States National Library of Medicine and Frontiers Media.[11][12]
Gallium has no known natural role in biology. Gallium(III) behaves in a similar manner to ferric salts in biological systems and has been used in some medical applications, including pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abZhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
^"Gallium (CAS Number 7440-55-3) : Strem Product Catalog". Strem Chemicals Inc. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ abcdArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
^Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden(PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Scerri, Eric (2020). The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-19-091436-3.
^Cobelo-García, A.; Filella, M.; Croot, P.; Frazzoli, C.; Du Laing, G.; Ospina-Alvarez, N.; Rauch, S.; Salaun, P.; Schäfer, J.; Zimmermann, S. (2015). "COST action TD1407: network on technology-critical elements (NOTICE)—from environmental processes to human health threats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 22 (19): 15188–15194. Bibcode:2015ESPR...2215188C. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5221-0. ISSN 0944-1344. PMC 4592495. PMID 26286804.
^Romero-Freire, Ana; Santos-Echeandía, Juan; Neira, Patricia; Cobelo-García, Antonio (2019). "Less-Studied Technology-Critical Elements (Nb, Ta, Ga, In, Ge, Te) in the Marine Environment: Review on Their Concentrations in Water and Organisms". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00532. hdl:10261/307794. ISSN 2296-7745.
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Gallium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, gallium...
Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with...
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. The compound is a very...
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices...
A gallium scan is a type of nuclear medicine test that uses either a gallium-67 (67Ga) or gallium-68 (68Ga) radiopharmaceutical to obtain images of a...
AlGa (Aluminum-Gallium) is a degenerate alloy that results from liquid gallium infiltrating the crystal structure of aluminium metal. The resulting alloy...
high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3),...
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group 13 of the periodic table, consisting of boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl) and nihonium (Nh). This group lies in...
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Gallium antimonide (GaSb) is a semiconducting compound of gallium and antimony of the III-V family. It has a room temperature lattice constant of about...
Gallium compounds are compounds containing the element gallium. These compounds are found primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The +1 oxidation state is...
temperature: caesium (Cs), which has a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F); gallium (Ga) (30 °C [86 °F]); and rubidium (Rb) (39 °C [102 °F]). The radioactive...
Gallium phosphide (GaP), a phosphide of gallium, is a compound semiconductor material with an indirect band gap of 2.24 eV at room temperature. Impure...
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Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, InxGa1−xN) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). It is a ternary...
Gallium acetate is a salt composed of a gallium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where gallium exhibits the +3 oxidation state. It has...
Aluminium gallium arsenide (also gallium aluminium arsenide) (AlxGa1−xAs) is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as GaAs...
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Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I-III-VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid...