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Exogenous ketones are a class of ketone bodies that are ingested using nutritional supplements or foods. This class of ketone bodies refers to the three water-soluble ketones (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate [β-HB], and acetone).[1] These ketone bodies are produced by interactions between macronutrient availability such as low glucose and high free fatty acids or hormone signaling such as low insulin and high glucagon/cortisol.[2] Under physiological conditions, ketone concentrations can increase due to starvation, ketogenic diets, or prolonged exercise, leading to ketosis.[2] However, with the introduction of exogenous ketone supplements, it is possible to provide a user with an instant supply of ketones even if the body is not within a state of ketosis before ingestion.[1] However, drinking exogenous ketones will not trigger fat burning like a ketogenic diet.
Most supplements rely on β-hydroxybutyrate as the source of exogenous ketone bodies. It is the most common exogenous ketone body because of its efficient energy conversion and ease of synthesis.[1] In the body, β-HB can be converted to acetoacetic acid. It is this acetoacetic acid that will enter the energy pathway using beta-ketothialase, becoming two Acetyl-CoA molecules.[1] The Acetyl CoA is then able to enter the Krebs cycle in order to generate ATP. The remaining β-HB molecules that aren't synthesized into acetoacetic acid are then converted to acetone through the acetoacetate decarboxylase waste mechanism.[1]
^ abcde"Exogenous Ketones: What They Are, Benefits of Use and How They Work". Ketosource. 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
^ abStubbs BJ, Cox PJ, Evans RD, Santer P, Miller JJ, Faull OK, Magor-Elliott S, Hiyama S, Stirling M, Clarke K (2017). "On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans". Frontiers in Physiology. 8: 848. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00848. PMC 5670148. PMID 29163194.
Exogenousketones are a class of ketone bodies that are ingested using nutritional supplements or foods. This class of ketone bodies refers to the three...
accelerated ketone production but may also be caused by consumption of exogenousketones or precursors. When glycogen and blood glucose reserves are low, a...
condition is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning exogenous insulin injections must replace the insulin the pancreas is no longer...
(Dymelor Dimelor) Acetone A byproduct of fat metabolism. One of three ketone body substances. Produced in high levels during periods of stress, infection...
form has two additional hydrogens, it results in the conversion of two ketone groups into hydroxyl groups on the active portion of the molecule. This...
wide variety of biological processes including the detoxification of exogenously and endogenously generated aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic...
mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor agonist. In comparison to other exogenous glucocorticoids, methylprednisolone has a higher affinity to glucocorticoid...
organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH...
Hiyama, Satoshi; Stirling, Matthew (2017). "On the metabolism of exogenousketones in humans". Frontiers in Physiology. 8: 848. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017...
decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. Biogenic amines are organic bases with low molecular weight and are synthesized...
called ketones). By reducing glucose blood circulation, gliflozins cause less stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion or lower dose of exogenous insulin...
Brendan (1 May 2017). "Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation". The Journal of Physiology...
often endogenous, produced within the organism but organisms usually need exogenous biomolecules, for example certain nutrients, to survive. Biology and its...
Egan B (May 2017). "Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation". The Journal of Physiology...
sugars, vitamins, co-factors, pigments, antibiotics, etc.) as well as exogenous chemicals (such as drugs, environmental contaminants, food additives,...
bioconjugation chemistry. Some important reactions are modification of ketone and aldehydes, Staudinger ligation with organic azides, copper-catalyzed...
of lipids and amino acids and the production of ketones. In healthy people, a low dose of exogenous glucagon increases energy expenditure and reduces...
anthraquinone norsolorinic acid. A reductase then catalyzes the reduction of the ketone on the norsolorinic acid side-chain to yield averantin. Averantin is converted...
; Upton, P. B.; Nakamura, J.; Starr, T. B. (2011). "Endogenous versus Exogenous DNA Adducts: Their Role in Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology, and Risk Assessment"...
combinations of proteinogenic amino acid side chains meet the criteria, as do ketone and aldehyde tags. Azides and alkynes are other examples of chemical reporters...
the liver turns fatty acid to ketone bodies for fuel, a process known as ketosis, which causes Ketonemia (high ketone level in the blood) that decreases...
insulin lowers the available amounts of most alternate brain fuels, such as ketones. Brain damage of various types ranging from stroke-like focal effects to...
fruity breath odor. Blood and urine tests reveal unusually high glucose and ketones in the blood and urine. Untreated ketoacidosis can rapidly progress to...
the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.[citation...
reacted with a primary amine which in turn had been made from the chloro-ketone shown: It is frequently sold as a sulfate salt known as hydroxychloroquine...
synthetic) such as cyproterone acetate Steroidogenesis inhibitors (mainly exogenous) such as alfatradiol Membrane sterols such as cholesterol, ergosterol...
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