An episome is a special type of plasmid, which remains as a part of the eukaryotic genome without integration. Episomes manage this by replicating together with the rest of the genome and subsequently associating with metaphase chromosomes during mitosis. Episomes do not degrade, unlike standard plasmids, and can be designed so that they are not epigenetically silenced inside the eukaryotic cell nucleus.[1] Episomes can be observed in nature in certain types of long-term infection by adeno-associated virus or Epstein-Barr virus. In 2004, it was proposed that non-viral episomes might be used in genetic therapy for long-term change in gene expression.[2]
As of 1999, there were many known sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that allow a standard plasmid to become episomally retained. One example is the S/MAR sequence.[3]
The length of episomal retention is fairly variable between different genetic constructs and there are many known features in the sequence of an episome which will affect the length and stability of genetic expression of the carried transgene. Among these features is the number of CpG sites which contribute to epigenetic silencing of the transgene carried by the episome.[4]
^Van Craenenbroeck, Kathleen; Vanhoenacker, Peter; Haegeman, Guy (September 2000). "Episomal vectors for gene expression in mammalian cells: Episomal vectors for eukaryotic gene expression". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (18): 5665–5678. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01645.x. PMID 10971576.
^Conese M, Auriche C, Ascenzioni F (December 2004). "Gene therapy progress and prospects: episomally maintained self-replicating systems". Gene Therapy. 11 (24): 1735–1741. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302362. PMID 15385951. S2CID 34565556.
^Piechaczek C, Fetzer C, Baiker A, Bode J, Lipps HJ (January 1999). "A vector based on the SV40 origin of replication and chromosomal S/MARs replicates episomally in CHO cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (2): 426–428. doi:10.1093/nar/27.2.426. PMC 148196. PMID 9862961.
^Haase R, Argyros O, Wong SP, Harbottle RP, Lipps HJ, Ogris M, et al. (March 2010). "pEPito: a significantly improved non-viral episomal expression vector for mammalian cells". BMC Biotechnology. 10 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-10-20. PMC 2847955. PMID 20230618.
An episome is a special type of plasmid, which remains as a part of the eukaryotic genome without integration. Episomes manage this by replicating together...
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discovered including an extremely reduced hyposome, a longitudinally ribbed episome, and a canal on the dextro-lateral side. Further investigation into the...
utilized for blue/white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome. Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the...
approach has amply been demonstrated for their plasmidal precursor forms. Episomes – Type of plasmidPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets...
that integrate their genetic material into the host as extrachromosomal episomes or as a prophage during a lysogenic cycle. Some temperate phages can confer...
pili; both cells are now viable donor for the F-factor. The F-factor is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous...
integrated into the diatom's chromosomes or maintained as stable circular episomes (thanks to the CEN6-ARSH4-HIS3 yeast centromeric sequence). The phleomycin/zeocin...
ganglia. The HSV genome circular DNA resides in the cell nucleus as an episome. HSV-1 tends to reside in the trigeminal ganglia, while HSV-2 tends to...
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with the definition of genome including episomes outside the nucleus but excluding changes due to episomes that are lost over time. This definition would...
which are for replicating and maintaining the viral DNA as a circular episome. The viral oncogenes E6 and E7 promote cell growth by inactivating the...
transgene expression, whether integrated into a host chromosome or as an episome. The casette comprises an enhancer, a promoter, and auxiliary elements...
betaherpesviruses. Other betaherpesviruses establish latency as a nuclear episome, which is a circular DNA molecule (analogous to plasmids). For HHV-6, latency...
DNA, leaving only low molecular weight mitochondrial DNA and any viral episomes present in the cell. A diphenylamine (DPA) indicator will confirm the presence...
chromothripsis have also been suggested. In the “deletion-plus-episome” model, also known as the “episome model,” DNA segments are excised from an intact chromosome...
viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular episomes or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (Epstein–Barr virus...
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