Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.[1][2][3]
The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980, by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989.[4] The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990. Between 1989 and December 2018, over 2,900 clinical trials were conducted, with more than half of them in phase I.[5] In 2003, Gendicine became the first gene therapy to receive regulatory approval. Since that time, further gene therapy drugs were approved, such as Glybera (2012), Strimvelis (2016), Kymriah (2017), Luxturna (2017), Onpattro (2018), Zolgensma (2019), Abecma (2021), Adstiladrin, Roctavian and Hemgenix (all 2022). Most of these approaches utilize adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses for performing gene insertions, in vivo and ex vivo, respectively. AAVs are characterized by stabilizing the viral capsid, lower immunogenicity, ability to transduce both dividing and nondividing cells, the potential to integrate site specifically and to achieve long-term expression in the in-vivo treatment.[6] ASO / siRNA approaches such as those conducted by Alnylam and Ionis Pharmaceuticals require non-viral delivery systems, and utilize alternative mechanisms for trafficking to liver cells by way of GalNAc transporters.
Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be considered gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and organ transplants in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients.[7]
^Kaji EH, Leiden JM (February 2001). "Gene and stem cell therapies". JAMA. 285 (5): 545–550. doi:10.1001/jama.285.5.545. PMID 11176856.
^Ermak G (2015). Emerging Medical Technologies. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4675-81-9.
^Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and (9 December 2020). "What is Gene Therapy?". FDA.
^Rosenberg SA, Aebersold P, Cornetta K, Kasid A, Morgan RA, Moen R, et al. (August 1990). "Gene transfer into humans--immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes modified by retroviral gene transduction". The New England Journal of Medicine. 323 (9): 570–578. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008303230904. PMID 2381442.
^"Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide Database". The Journal of Gene Medicine. Wiley. June 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020.
^Gorell E, Nguyen N, Lane A, Siprashvili Z (April 2014). "Gene therapy for skin diseases". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 4 (4): a015149. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015149. PMC 3968787. PMID 24692191.
^Zimmer C (16 September 2013). "DNA Double Take". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
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