Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis,[1] during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective advantages for growth and survival. This selective advantage is as a result of double minutes frequently harboring amplified oncogenes and genes involved in drug resistance. DMs, like actual chromosomes, are composed of chromatin and replicate in the nucleus of the cell during cell division. Unlike typical chromosomes, they are composed of circular fragments of DNA, up to only a few million base pairs in size, and contain no centromere or telomere. Further to this, they often lack key regulatory elements, allowing genes to be constitutively expressed. The term ecDNA may be used to refer to DMs in a more general manner. The term Double Minute originates from the visualization of these features under microscope; double because the dots were found in pairs, and minute because they were minuscule.
^Stephens PJ, Greenman CD, Fu B, et al. (2011). "Massive Genomic Rearrangement Acquired in a Single Catastrophic Event during Cancer Development". Cell. 144 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.055. PMC 3065307. PMID 21215367.
term DoubleMinute originates from the visualization of these features under microscope; double because the dots were found in pairs, and minute because...
The minute is a unit of time defined as equal to 60 seconds. One hour contains 60 minutes. Although not a unit in the International System of Units (SI)...
in the genome, and to a fragment of extrachromosomal DNA known as a doubleminute, each of which can be composed of one or more genes. Amplification of...
Horton's Bottled Coffee Regular, DoubleDouble, IcedCapp Moca Del Valle In Costa Rica Minute Maid sells Hi-C products. Minute Maid is marketed under the brand...
high blood sugar Difference due to memory, a neural activity effect Doubleminute, fragments of extrachromosomal DNA in human tumors Myotonic dystrophy...
during the American Revolutionary War. They were known for being ready at a minute's notice, hence the name. Minutemen provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed...
Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min, or r⋅min−1) is a unit of rotational speed (or rotational frequency) for rotating machines...
Mouse doubleminute 2 homolog (MDM2) also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM2 gene. Mdm2 is an...
The double bass (/ˈdʌbəl beɪs/), also known as the upright bass, the acoustic bass, or simply the bass (/beɪs/), is the largest and lowest-pitched chordophone...
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(Extrachromosomal rDNA circle), and double minutes have been associated with genomic instability. Doubleminute ecDNAs are fragments of extrachromosomal...
pressure is doubled, then, for an ideal gas, the mass of the gas that passes by will also be double for the same rate of flow in cubic feet per minute. For instance...
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Too Well (Taylor's Version)" and "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)". Swift had achieved a "Chart Double" in 2014 (with 1989 and "Blank Space"), 2020 (twice;...
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