Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine or hormonal systems
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A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents,[1]endocrine disrupting chemicals,[2] or endocrine disrupting compounds[3] are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems.[4] These disruptions can cause numerous adverse human health outcomes including, alterations in sperm quality and fertility, abnormalities in sex organs, endometriosis, early puberty, altered nervous system function, immune function, certain cancers, respiratory problems, metabolic issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, growth, neurological and learning disabilities, and more.[5][6] Found in many household and industrial products, endocrine disruptors "interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for development, behavior, fertility, and maintenance of homeostasis (normal cell metabolism)."[7][8][9]
Any system in the body controlled by hormones can be derailed by hormone disruptors. Specifically, endocrine disruptors may be associated with the development of learning disabilities, severe attention deficit disorder, cognitive and brain development problems.[10][11][12][13]
There has been controversy over endocrine disruptors, with some groups calling for swift action by regulators to remove them from the market, and regulators and other scientists calling for further study.[14] Some endocrine disruptors have been identified and removed from the market (for example, a drug called diethylstilbestrol), but it is uncertain whether some endocrine disruptors on the market actually harm humans and wildlife at the doses to which wildlife and humans are exposed. The World Health Organization published a 2012 report stating that low-level exposures may cause adverse effects in humans.[15]
^Krimsky S (December 2001). "An epistemological inquiry into the endocrine disruptor thesis". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 948 (1): 130–42. Bibcode:2001NYASA.948..130K. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03994.x. PMID 11795392. S2CID 41532171.
^Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC (June 2009). "Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement" (PDF). Endocr. Rev. 30 (4): 293–342. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0002. PMC 2726844. PMID 19502515. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
^"Endocrine Disrupting Compounds". National Institutes of Health · U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009.
^Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B (17 March 2011). "Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption". Annual Review of Physiology. 73 (1): 135–162. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200. PMID 21054169.
^"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)". www.endocrine.org. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^Staff (5 June 2013). "Endocrine Disruptors". NIEHS.
^Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP (1 June 2012). "Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses". Endocrine Reviews. 33 (3): 378–455. doi:10.1210/er.2011-1050. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 3365860. PMID 22419778.
^Crisp TM, Clegg ED, Cooper RL, Wood WP, Anderson DG, Baetcke KP, Hoffmann JL, Morrow MS, Rodier DJ, Schaeffer JE, Touart LW, Zeeman MG, Patel YM (1998). "Environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis". Environ. Health Perspect. 106. 106 (Suppl 1): 11–56. doi:10.2307/3433911. JSTOR 3433911. PMC 1533291. PMID 9539004.
^Huang AC, Nelson C, Elliott JE, Guertin DA, Ritland C, Drouillard K, Cheng KM, Schwantje HM (1 July 2018). "River otters (Lontra canadensis) "trapped" in a coastal environment contaminated with persistent organic pollutants: Demographic and physiological consequences". Environmental Pollution. 238: 306–316. Bibcode:2018EPoll.238..306H. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.035. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 29573713.
^Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rauch SA, Kogut K, Harley KG, Johnson C, et al. (February 2013). "In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (2): 257–62. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205597. PMC 3569691. PMID 23154064.
^Jurewicz J, Hanke W (June 2011). "Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies". International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 24 (2): 115–41. doi:10.2478/s13382-011-0022-2. PMID 21594692.
^Bornehag CG, Engdahl E, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Wikström S, Lindh C, Rüegg J, et al. (May 2021). "Prenatal exposure to bisphenols and cognitive function in children at 7 years of age in the Swedish SELMA study". Environment International. 150: 106433. Bibcode:2021EnInt.15006433B. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106433. PMID 33637302. S2CID 232064637.
^Repouskou A, Papadopoulou AK, Panagiotidou E, Trichas P, Lindh C, Bergman Å, et al. (June 2020). "Long term transcriptional and behavioral effects in mice developmentally exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors associated with delayed human neurodevelopment". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9367. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9367R. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66379-x. PMC 7283331. PMID 32518293.
^Lupu D, Andersson P, Bornehag CG, Demeneix B, Fritsche E, Gennings C, et al. (June 2020). "The ENDpoiNTs Project: Novel Testing Strategies for Endocrine Disruptors Linked to Developmental Neurotoxicity". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (11): 3978. doi:10.3390/ijms21113978. PMC 7312023. PMID 32492937.
^"State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals". World Health Organization. 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
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