General chemical structure of orthophthalates. (R and R' are general placeholders.)
Phthalates (US: /ˈθæleɪts/,[1]UK: /ˈθɑːleɪtsˌˈfθælɪts/[2][3]), or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid. They are mainly used as plasticizers, i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. They are used primarily to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Note that while phthalates are usually plasticizers, not all plasticizers are phthalates. The two terms are specific and unique and cannot be used interchangeably.
Lower-molecular-weight phthalates are being replaced in many products in the United States, Canada, and European Union over health concerns.[4][5] They are being replaced by higher molecular-weight phthalates as well as non-phthalic plasticizers.
^"ACC Addresses Phthalates Safety" on YouTube: video of Steve Risotto of the American Chemistry Council, uploaded by user AmericanChemistry on 23 October 2009, retrieved 23 December 2011.
^"phthalate". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^"phthalate" in Collins English Dictionary
^Commission Regulation (EU) No 143/2011 of 17 February 2011 amending Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (‘REACH’)
^"Phthalates | Assessing and Managing Chemicals Under TSCA". www.epa.gov. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
review of methods to measure phthalates in food. In 2021, a study looked for phthalates in 64 fast food items. Phthalate DnBP was detected in 81 percent...
of exposure to phthalates, including DIBP. Therefore, several countries have restricted or even banned the use of certain phthalates in products. DIBP...
phthalates, which are diesters of phthalic acid. Phthalates can be categorized as high and low, depending on their molecular weight. Low phthalates such...
contact materials of 9 mg/kg food for the sum of diisodecyl phthalates and diisononyl phthalates. DIDP has been listed since 2007 under Proposition 65 as...
multiple phthalates at low doses significantly increases the risk in a dose additive manner. Therefore, the risk from a mixture of phthalates or phthalates and...
Diisoheptyl phthalate is a phthalate used as a plasticizer. Diisoheptyl phthalate is typically a mixture of chemical compounds consisting of various isoheptyl...
contact materials of 9 mg/kg food for the sum of diisononyl phthalates and diisodecyl phthalates. DINP is listed as a substance "known to the State of California...
to health concerns. It is a phthalate ester of containing benzyl alcohol, and n-butanol tail groups. Like most phthalates, BBP is non-volatile and remains...
between the susceptibility of the reproductive system and phthalates esters, most phthalates demonstrate low acute toxicity. The chronic (long term) effects...
phthalates restricted or banned by the safety regulatory boards. These six phthalates are: DEHP (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), DBP (Dibutyl phthalate)...
Imports with Phthalates". Food Safety News. May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2019. "Phthalates: 5. What daily exposure levels to phthalates are considered...
higher molecular weight phthalates and alternatives in the US and Europe High Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), used in flooring...
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, often called simply KHP, is an acidic salt compound. It forms white powder, colorless crystals, a colorless solution, and...
carboxylic acid group. It is the major metabolite of dibutyl phthalate. Like many phthalates, MBP has attracted attention as a potential endocrine disruptor...
Glycerol phthalate was the first synthetic polyester. It came into use around World War I. It was used for waterproofing. This polyester does not form...
of butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP), a common plasticizer. BBP can also be metabolized into monobutyl phthalate (MBP). Like many phthalates, BBP has attracted...
polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. Like most phthalates it is non-volatile, and remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures...
Di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (also known as bis(2-propylheptyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, di(propylheptyl) orthophthalate, or DPHP) is an organic compound...
Di-n-butyl Phthalate". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Retrieved 8 June 2019. Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (16 May 2019). "Phthalates". FDA. Retrieved...
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) is a commonly used polymer phthalate in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets...
citrate, a hydrophilic compound; other compatible plasticizers are various phthalates, triacetin, dibutyl tartrate, glycerol, propylene glycol, tripropionin...
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