Alanine transaminase is one of the two transaminases measured (Aspartate transaminase is the other).
In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver dysfunction.[1][2] Other terms include transaminasemia,[3]transaminitis, and elevatedliver enzymes (though they are not the only enzymes in the liver). Normal ranges for both ALT and AST vary by gender, age, and geography and are roughly 8-40 U/L (0.14-0.67 μkal/L).[4] Mild transaminesemia refers to levels up to 250 U/L.[1] Drug-induced increases such as that found with the use of anti-tuberculosis agents such as isoniazid are limited typically to below 100 U/L for either ALT or AST. Muscle sources of the enzymes, such as intense exercise, are unrelated to liver function and can markedly increase AST and ALT.[5] Cirrhosis of the liver or fulminant liver failure secondary to hepatitis commonly reach values for both ALT and AST in the >1000 U/L range; however, many people with liver disease have normal transaminases.[6][7] Elevated transaminases that persist less than six months are termed "acute" in nature, and those values that persist for six months or more are termed "chronic" in nature.
^ abGiboney PT (March 2005). "Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels in the Asymptomatic Patient". Am Fam Physician. 71 (6): 1105–10. PMID 15791889.
^Maddrey, Willis C.; Schiff, Eugene R.; Sorrell, Michael F. (2007). Schiff's diseases of the liver. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 924. ISBN 978-0-7817-6040-9.
^"Transaminasemia: semantic confusion of a clinical dilemma". Calif Med. 114 (6): 45–7. June 1971. PMC 1501958. PMID 5578107.
^Ceriotti, F.; et al. (2010). "Common reference intervals for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and g-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in serum: results from an IFCC multicenter study". Clin Chem Lab Med. 48 (11): 1593–2101. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.315. PMID 21034260. S2CID 21929466.
^Pettersson, J.; et al. (2007). "Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 65 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03001.x. PMC 2291230. PMID 17764474.
^Hall, Philip; Cash, Johnny (January 2012). "What is the Real Function of the Liver 'Function' Tests?". The Ulster Medical Journal. 81 (1): 30–36. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 3609680. PMID 23536736.
^Lominadze, Zurabi; Kallwitz, Eric R. (October 2018). "Misconception: You Can't Have Liver Disease With Normal Liver Chemistries". Clinical Liver Disease. 12 (4): 96–99. doi:10.1002/cld.742. PMC 6385914. PMID 30988921.
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