Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells. They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. Delta cells comprise ca 5% of the cells in the islets[1] but may interact with many more islet cells than suggested by their low numbers. In rodents, delta-cells are located in the periphery of the islets; in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and delta-cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well.[2] In both species, the peptide hormone Urocortin III (Ucn3) is a major local signal that is released from beta cells (and alpha cells in primates) to induce the local secretion of somatostatin.[3] It has also been suggested that somatostatin may be implicated in insulin-induced hypoglycaemia through a mechanism involving SGLT-2 receptors. [4] Ghrelin can also strongly stimulate somatostatin secretion, thus indirectly inhibiting insulin release.[5] Viewed under an electron microscope, delta-cells can be identified as cells with smaller and slightly more compact granules than beta cells.[6]
The δ-cells in the stomach contain CCKBR (which respond to gastrin) and M3 receptors (which respond to Ach). Respectively, these receptors will increase somatostatin output and decrease somatostatin output from the δ-cells. VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, acts positively on δ-cells resulting in more somatostatin being released.
In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin, secretin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process.
^Cabrera O, Berman DM, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Berggren PO, Caicedo A (February 2006). "The unique cytoarchitecture of human pancreatic islets has implications for islet cell function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (7): 2334–2339. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.2334C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510790103. PMC 1413730. PMID 16461897.
^Brereton MF, Vergari E, Zhang Q, Clark A (August 2015). "Alpha-, Delta- and PP-cells: Are They the Architectural Cornerstones of Islet Structure and Co-ordination?". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 63 (8): 575–591. doi:10.1369/0022155415583535. PMC 4530398. PMID 26216135.
^van der Meulen T, Donaldson CJ, Cáceres E, Hunter AE, Cowing-Zitron C, Pound LD, et al. (July 2015). "Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion". Nature Medicine. 21 (7): 769–776. doi:10.1038/nm.3872. PMC 4496282. PMID 26076035.
^Vergari E, Knudsen JG, Ramracheya R, Salehi A, Zhang Q, Adam J, et al. (January 2019). "Insulin inhibits glucagon release by SGLT2-induced stimulation of somatostatin secretion". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 139. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..139V. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08193-8. PMC 6329806. PMID 30635569.
^DiGruccio MR, Mawla AM, Donaldson CJ, Noguchi GM, Vaughan J, Cowing-Zitron C, et al. (July 2016). "Comprehensive alpha, beta and delta cell transcriptomes reveal that ghrelin selectively activates delta cells and promotes somatostatin release from pancreatic islets". Molecular Metabolism. 5 (7): 449–458. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.007. PMC 4921781. PMID 27408771.
^Rorsman P, Huising MO (July 2018). "The somatostatin-secreting pancreatic δ-cell in health and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 14 (7): 404–414. doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0020-6. PMC 5997567. PMID 29773871.
Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells that have a γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. Most T cells are αβ (alpha beta) T cells with TCR composed...
Mesothelial cell Pneumocyte Type I cell Type II cell Club cell Goblet cell Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell Enteroendocrine cell G cellDeltacell Enterochromaffin-like...
which are released by beta cells in the pancreas, have been found to suppress glucagon production in alpha cells. Deltacells also release somatostatin...
secrete glucagon, deltacells which secrete somatostatin and the PP-cells which secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Pancreatic progenitor cells have been shown...
cells, beta cells, and deltacells, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting...
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\langle d_{i}\rangle } denotes the average level of Delta activity in the cells adjacent to cell i {\displaystyle i} , integrating juxtacrine signaling...
are the usual causes. Deltacell A type of cell in the pancreas clumped with other cells (in the islets of Langerhans). Deltacells make somatostatin, a...
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alpha-beta TCRs (αβ T cells), but some T cells in epithelial tissues (like the gut) express gamma-delta TCRs (gamma delta T cells), which recognize non-protein...
whereas glucagon increases blood glucose level. Deltacells F Cells Ovaries Granulosa cells Testis Leydig cells The fetal endocrine system is one of the first...
Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the mucosal cells of the duodenum and also the "deltacells" of the pancreas. Somatostatin has a major inhibitory...
of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, found in the bone marrow. Developing T cells then migrate...
{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta G^{\ominus }+RT\ln Q_{r}} where Qr is the reaction quotient and R is the universal ideal gas constant. The cell potential E...
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{\displaystyle E_{cell}^{\ominus }} > 0, then the process is spontaneous (galvanic cell): Δ G c e l l ⊖ {\displaystyle \Delta G_{cell}^{\ominus }} < 0...
example, in a Daniell cell, as discussed below) the charge through the external circuit is Δ Q e l e = − n 0 F 0 , {\displaystyle \Delta Q_{ele}=-n_{0}F_{0}\...
intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. Also called Deltacells, D cells secrete somatostatin. found in crypts of the small intestine, especially...
simultaneously, leads to the release of gastrin-releasing-peptide. Finally, the Deltacells are inhibited to reduce the inhibition of gastrin release. Vasovagal...
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