The process of describing the structure and function of a genome
A visualization of Porphyra umbilicalis chloroplast genome annotation (GenBank accession: MF385003.1) made with Chloroplot.[1] The number of genes, the genome length, and the GC content are placed in the middle black circle. The outer gray circle shows GC content in the every section of the genome. All individual genes are placed on the outermost circle according to their position in the genome, their transcription direction and their length; they are color-coded based on the cellular function or component they are part of. Represented with arrows, the transcription directions for the inner and outer genes are listed clockwise and anticlockwise, respectively.
In molecular biology and genetics, DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of describing the structure and function of the components of a genome,[2] by analyzing and interpreting them in order to extract their biological significance and understand the biological processes in which they participate.[3] Among other things, it identifies the locations of genes and all the coding regions in a genome and determines what those genes do.[4]
Annotation is performed after a genome is sequenced and assembled, and is a necessary step in genome analysis before the sequence is deposited in a database and described in a published article. Although describing individual genes and their products or functions is sufficient to consider this description as an annotation, the depth of analysis reported in literature for different genomes vary widely, with some reports including additional information that goes beyond a simple annotation.[5] Furthermore, due to the size and complexity of sequenced genomes, DNA annotation is not performed manually, but is instead automated by computational means. However, the conclusions drawn from the obtained results require manual expert analysis.[6]
DNA annotation is classified into two categories: structural annotation, which identifies and demarcates elements in a genome, and functional annotation, which assigns functions to these elements.[7] This is not the only way in which it has been categorized, as several alternatives, such as dimension-based[8] and level-based classifications,[3] have also been proposed.
^Zheng S, Poczai P, Hyvönen J, Tang J, Amiryousefi A (2020). "Chloroplot: An Online Program for the Versatile Plotting of Organelle Genomes". Frontiers in Genetics. 11 (576124): 576124. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.576124. PMC 7545089. PMID 33101394.
^Dominguez Del Angel V, Hjerde E, Sterck L, Capella-Gutierrez S, Notredame C, Vinnere Pettersson O, et al. (5 February 2018). "Ten steps to get started in Genome Assembly and Annotation". F1000Research. 7 (148): 148. doi:10.12688/f1000research.13598.1. PMC 5850084. PMID 29568489.
^ abStein L (July 2001). "Genome annotation: from sequence to biology". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2 (7): 493–503. doi:10.1038/35080529. PMID 11433356. S2CID 12044602.
^Davis CP (29 March 2021). "Medical Definition of Genome annotation". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^Koonin E, Galperin MY (2003). "Genome Annotation and Analysis". Sequence — Evolution — Function (1st ed.). Springer US. pp. 193–226. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3783-7_6. ISBN 978-1-4757-3783-7.
^Mishra P, Maurya R, Avashthi H, Mittal S, Chandra M, Ramteke PW (2021). "Genome assembly and annotation". In Singh DB, Pathak RK (eds.). Bioinformatics: Methods and Applications (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. pp. 49–66. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-89775-4.00013-4. ISBN 9780323897754.
^Bright LA, Burgess SC, Chowdhary B, Swiderski CE, McCarthy FM (October 2009). "Structural and functional-annotation of an equine whole genome oligoarray". BMC Bioinformatics. 10 (Suppl 11): S8. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-S11-S8. PMC 3226197. PMID 19811692.
^Reed JL, Famili I, Thiele I, Palsson BO (February 2006). "Towards multidimensional genome annotation". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 7 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1038/nrg1769. PMID 16418748. S2CID 13107786.
In molecular biology and genetics, DNAannotation or genome annotation is the process of describing the structure and function of the components of a...
Annotations are sometimes presented in the margin of book pages. For annotations of different digital media, see web annotation and text annotation....
biology and bioinformatics have created the need for DNAannotation. DNAannotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying attaching biological...
original scientific literature, and describing the data with standard annotation protocols and vocabularies that enable powerful queries and biological...
Genomic annotation can refer to: DNAannotation SNP annotation Vertebrate Genome Annotation Project This disambiguation page lists articles associated...
Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur...
knockouts include difficulty calling of DNA variants, determining disruption of protein function (annotation), and considering the amount of influence...
chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with...
DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays...
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food...
DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without...
studies in genomics, and functional genomics, generated the need for DNAannotation, a transcriptome technology, identifying genes, their locations and...
components: the sequencing of DNA, the assembly of that sequence to create a representation of the original chromosome, and the annotation and analysis of that...
Nanopore Technologies researchers to enable for the annotation of repetitive structures in built satellite DNA arrays. The algorithm NTRprism is developed to...
complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA exists in both...
Monitoring of Plants through Environmental DNA Metabarcoding of Soil: Recovery, Resolution, and Annotation of Four DNA Markers". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): 1–16. Bibcode:2016PLoSO...
Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode:2006Natur...
genomics, annotation refers to the process of marking the stop and start regions of genes and other biological features in a sequenced DNA sequence. Many...
sequence alignments across entire genomes. Researchers can explore DNAannotation, regulatory elements, and comparative genomics data within the context...
Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, et al. (May 2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–321. Bibcode:2006Natur...
and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology might not be...
variant description, Mutalyzer requires a DNA sequence record containing the transcript and protein feature annotation as a reference. Mutalyzer 2 accepts GenBank...
identification, also called annotation, of sequences obtained from barcoding or metabarcoding. These databases contain the DNA barcodes assigned to previously...
Browser – view the genome and annotations for more than 80 organisms. genomecenter.howard.edu (archived 9 August 2013) Build a DNA Molecule (archived 9 June...
acquiring and integrating data from the research literature (functional annotation) as well as for assisting the community in using Arabidopsis data and...
nucleolar and organellar DNA. A recently published machine-learning approach using only the genome sequences and multiple genome annotation tools can classify...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Functional Annotation of the Mouse database (FANTOM) examples of cDNA synthesis and cloning...
Global Information