Concentration of surfactants above which micelles form
In colloidal and surface chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system will form micelles.[1]
The CMC is an important characteristic of a surfactant. Before reaching the CMC, the surface tension changes strongly with the concentration of the surfactant. After reaching the CMC, the surface tension remains relatively constant or changes with a lower slope. The value of the CMC for a given dispersant in a given medium depends on temperature, pressure, and (sometimes strongly) on the presence and concentration of other surface active substances and electrolytes. Micelles only form above critical micelle temperature.
For example, the value of CMC for sodium dodecyl sulfate in water (without other additives or salts) at 25 °C, atmospheric pressure, is 8x10−3 mol/L.[2]
CMCs for common surfactants[3]
Surfactant
CMC (molarity)
Category
Sodium octyl sulfate
0.13
anionic surfactant
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
0.0083
anionic surfactant
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
0.0021
anionic surfactant
Decyltrimethylammonium bromide
0.065
cationic surfactant
Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide
0.016
cationic surfactant
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
0.00092
cationic surfactant
Penta(ethyleneglycol)monooctyl ether
0.0009
neutral surfactant
Penta(ethyleneglycol)monodecyl ether
0.0009
neutral surfactant
Pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether
0.000065
neutral surfactant
^IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "critical micelle concentration". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01395
^Dominguez, Ana; Fernandez, Aurora; Gonzalez, Noemi; Iglesias, Emilia; Montenegro, Luis (October 1997). "Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration of Some Surfactants by Three Techniques". Journal of Chemical Education. 74 (10): 1227–1231. doi:10.1021/ed074p1227. ISSN 0021-9584. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
^Holmberg, Krister (2019). "Surfactants". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–56. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_747.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
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