This article is about the phenomenon in the Uralic languages. For other uses, see Consonant mutation.
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Sound change and alternation
Metathesis
Quantitative metathesis
Lenition
Consonant gradation
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Assibilation
Spirantization
L-vocalization
Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis
Prothesis
Paragoge
Unpacking
Vowel breaking
Elision
Apheresis
Syncope
Apocope
Haplology
Cluster reduction
Transphonologization
Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Tonogenesis
Floating tone
Assimilation
Fusion
Coarticulation
Palatalization
Velarization
Labialization
Final devoicing
Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut)
Consonant harmony
Dissimilation
Sandhi
Liaison, linking R
Consonant mutation
Tone sandhi
Vowel hiatus
Synalepha
Elision
Crasis
Synaeresis and diaeresis
Synizesis
Other types
Apophony
Affrication
Gemination
Clipping
Fronting
Raising
Betacism
Iotacism
Fusion
Merger
Compensatory lengthening
Monophthongization
Rhotacism
Rhinoglottophilia
Sulcalization
Shm-reduplication
Consonant mutation
Vowel shift
Chain shift
v
t
e
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found in some Uralic languages, more specifically in the Finnic, Samic and Samoyedic branches. It originally arose as an allophonic alternation between open and closed syllables, but has become grammaticalised due to changes in the syllable structure of the languages affected.
and 22 Related for: Consonant gradation information
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonantgradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found...
Uralic languages; see consonantgradation for a more general overview. Consonantgradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade...
medial consonant mutation involving voicing, rendaku, in many compounds. Uralic languages like Finnish show consonantgradation, a type of consonant mutation...
the consonant cluster /ŋk/ (written nk), or as geminate /ŋŋ/ (written ng), the latter being the counterpart of the former under consonantgradation (type...
texture to another Consonantgradation, mutation in which consonant sounds alternate between various "grades" Apophony or vowel gradation, sound change within...
spelling pronunciation [ts] (which is treated as a consonant cluster and hence not subject to consonantgradation). [ɣ] became: [ʋ] if it appeared originally...
is the same stem under consonantgradation. Fortition is the opposite of lenition: a consonant mutation in which a consonant changes from one considered...
suprafixes, superfixes, or simulfixes. Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonantgradation. Bemba indicates causative verbs...
word-initial consonant. Generally, all obstruents in a word are either voiced or voiceless. Vowel harmony Dissimilation Fusion (phonetics) Consonantgradation Feature...
the HG consonant shift and later further underwent a general gradation process for almost all consonants. Between vowels all voiceless consonants are voiced...
secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International...
phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift...
Estonian consonantgradation is a grammatical process that affects obstruent consonants at the end of the stressed syllable of a word. Gradation causes...
morphemes are subject to (sometimes unpredictable) consonant alternations called consonantgradation. Despite the occasional outliers, agglutinative languages...
words. Finnish consonant length is also affected by consonantgradation. Another important phenomenon is sandhi, which produces long consonants at word boundaries...
is an agglutinative language and exhibits both vowel harmony and consonantgradation. In the late 1930s, a written standard of the Ingrian language (referred...
relationship between consonantgradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation is found) is noted...
Finnish has vowel harmony, and like other Finnic languages, it has consonantgradation. The pronouns are inflected in the Finnish language much in the same...
sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The...
versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 ([ȵʑ]; [ʐ] in...
processes is the characteristic consonantgradation. Two kinds of gradation occur: radical gradation and suffix gradation. They both affect the plosives...
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Dorsal consonants are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum). They include...
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