Polar morphology of a cell, a specific orientation of the cell structure
For other uses, see Polarity.
Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells.
Many of the key molecular players implicated in cell polarity are well conserved. For example, in metazoan cells, the PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC complex plays a fundamental role in cell polarity. While the biochemical details may vary, some of the core principles such as negative and/or positive feedback between different molecules are common and essential to many known polarity systems.[1]
Polarized localization of Staufen protein (white arrow) in Drosophila stage 9 oocyte (Stau:GFP, DAPI).
^Altschuler, Steven J.; Angenent, Sigurd B.; Wang, Yanqin; Wu, Lani F. (August 2008). "On the spontaneous emergence of cell polarity". Nature. 454 (7206): 886–889. doi:10.1038/nature07119. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 2562338. PMID 18704086.
Cellpolarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which...
Planar cellpolarity (PCP) is the protein-mediated signaling that coordinates the orientation of cells in a layer of epithelial tissue. In vertebrates...
Epithelial polarity is one example of the cellpolarity that is a fundamental feature of many types of cells. Epithelial cells feature distinct 'apical'...
Polarity (projective geometry), in mathematics, a duality of order two Polarity in embryogenesis, the animal and vegetal poles within a blastula Cell...
gene. The noncanonical planar cellpolarity pathway regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible for the shape of the cell. The noncanonical Wnt/calcium...
poles and resets the correct polarity in both future daughter cells (with a polarity reversal in the swarmer cell). The cell cycle–regulated synthesis and...
medial cortical nodes. Cellpolarity factors positioned at the cell tips provide spatial cues to limit Cdr2 distribution to the cell middle. In fission yeast...
perspective, polarity was explained in terms of a gradient in inner membrane surface charge between front regions and rear edges of the cell. This polarity is reflected...
form tight junctions in both epithelial and endothelial cells as polarity is gained in the cell. JAMs are usually around 40 kDa in size. Based on crystallographic...
Lennon-Duménil AM (July 2013). "How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cellpolarity". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 13 (7):...
some manner of cellpolarity. One example of Rho GTPases' role in cellpolarity is seen in the much-studied yeast cell. Before the cell can bud, Cdc42...
identifying genes, proteins and mechanisms involved in epithelial polarity, morphogenesis and cell signaling via the Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways, which have...
this polarity, neuroepithelial cells express prominin-1 in the apical plasma membrane as well as tight junctions to maintain the cellpolarity. Integrin...
significant amount of activity occurs within the early embryo to establish cellpolarity, cell specification, axis formation, and to regulate gene expression. In...
single celled zygote to obtain polarity through an unequal distribution of multiple factors. The single cell is now set up to undergo an asymmetric cell division...
different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cellpolarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Wnt proteins appear...
the embryo and the adult, ranging from cellular differentiation and cellpolarity to social behavior. There are three human genes that encode for the...
a membrane protein and is involved in cell migration, cellpolarity, and cell proliferation in epithelial cells. There is also strong evidence that SCRIB...
collecting duct protein involved in the in vitro plasticity of intercalated cellpolarity". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 98 (10): 2324–31. doi:10.1172/JCI119044...
Electric shock Electrical measurements History of electrical engineering Polarity symbols International System of Quantities SI electromagnetism units Single-phase...
Initial polarization of blastomeres occurs at the 8-16 cell stage. An apical-basolateral polarity is visible through the visualization of apical markers...
linking adjacent cells, these complexes are important for regulating epithelial migration, cellpolarity, and the formation of other cell junction complexes...
organisms to study cellpolarity, the development of growth axes, and the role of the cell wall in establishing and maintaining cell identity. The seaweed...
the organism level. Cellpolarity is a prerequisite for several fundamental operations in animal cells, such as asymmetric cell division and morphogenesis...
involved in budding and the establishment of cellpolarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". The Journal of Cell Biology. 111 (1): 131–142. doi:10.1083/jcb...
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively...
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