Neural crest cells are multipotent cells required for the development of cells, tissues and organ systems.[1]
A subpopulation of neural crest cells are the cardiac neural crest complex. This complex refers to the cells found amongst the midotic placode and somite 3 destined to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and migration to the heart via pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6.[2]
The cardiac neural crest complex plays a vital role in forming connective tissues that aid in outflow septation and modelling of the aortic arch arteries during early development.[2] Ablation of the complex often leads to impaired myocardial functioning similar to symptoms present in DiGeorge syndrome.[3] Consequently, the removal of cardiac crest cells that populate in pharyngeal arches has flow on effects on the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid gland.[4]
Neural crest cells are a group of temporary, multipotent (can give rise to some other types of cells but not all) cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (precursor to the spinal cord and brain) and therefore are found at the dorsal (top) region of the neural tube during development.[5] They are derived from the ectoderm germ layer, but are sometimes called the fourth germ layer because they are so important and give rise to so many other types of cells.[5][6] They migrate throughout the body and create a large number of differentiated cells such as neurons, glial cells, pigment-containing cells in skin, skeletal tissue cells in the head, and many more.[5][6]
Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a type of neural crest cells that migrate to the circumpharyngeal ridge (an arc-shape ridge above the pharyngeal arches) and then into the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches and the cardiac outflow tract (OFT).[5][6][7]
They extend from the otic placodes (the structure in developing embryos that will later form the ears) to the third somites (clusters of mesoderm that will become skeletal muscle, vertebrae and dermis).[5][6]
The cardiac neural crest cells have a number of functions including creation of the muscle and connective tissue walls of large arteries; parts of the cardiac septum; parts of the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands. They differentiate into melanocytes and neurons and the cartilage and connective tissue of the pharyngeal arches. They may also contribute to the creation of the carotid body, the organ which monitors oxygen in the blood and regulates breathing.[5][6]
^Snider P, Olaopa M, Firulli AB, Conway SJ (2007). "Cardiovascular development and the colonizing cardiac neural crest lineage". The Scientific World Journal. 7: 1090–1113. doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.189. PMC 2613651. PMID 17619792.
^Hutson MR, Kirby ML (2007). "Model systems for the study of heart development and disease: cardiac neural crest and conotruncal malformations". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 18 (1): 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.12.004. PMC 1858673. PMID 17224285.
^Le Lièvre CS, Le Douarin NM (1975). "Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos". Development. 34 (1): 124–154. PMID 1185098.
^ abcdefKirby M. "Cardiac morphogenesis: recent research advances." Pediatric Research. 1987 21(3) 219 - 224.
^ abcdeGilbert S. F. "Developmental biology." Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, 2010 p373 - 389.
^Kuratani S. C. and Kirby M. L. "Migration and distribution of circumpharyngeal crest cells in the chick embryo: formation of the circumpharyngeal ridge and E/C8+ crest cells in the vertebrate head region." Anat. Rec. October 1992 234(2) p263 - 268 PMID 1384396 doi:10.1002/ar.1092340213
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and organ systems. A subpopulation of neural crest cells are the cardiacneuralcrest complex. This complex refers to the cells found amongst the midotic...
Neuralcrest cells are a temporary group of cells that arise from the embryonic ectoderm germ layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including...
aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neuralcrest, specifically the cardiacneuralcrest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries...
22q11 deletions (DiGeorge Syndrome). The neuralcrest, specifically a population known as the cardiacneuralcrest, directly contributes to the aorticopulmonary...
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Heart- and neuralcrest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs...
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mesoderm but the sinus node may be derived from the neuralcrest. The human embryonic heart displays cardiac activity approximately 21 days after fertilization...
embryo's epiblast. The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neuralcrest, and the neural tube. The surface ectoderm develops into: epidermis, hair, nails...
occur, suggesting that Notch is involved in the differentiation of cardiacneuralcrest cells into vascular cells during outflow tract development. Endothelial...
migration of neuralcrest cells during embryonic development (though some of the genes involved also affect the neural tube). Neuralcrest cells are stem...
the patterning of the developing head though inducing apoptosis of the neuralcrest cells; this is done in the hindbrain. In adult, BMP4 is important for...
is unclear how folate affects neural tube formation, scientists are certain that without appropriate folate levels, neural tube defects can develop through...
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medulla oblongata, while the sensory division originates from the cranial neuralcrest. The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs...
malformations also result from the loss of cardiacneuralcrest cells, which normally contribute to the cardiac outflow tract and innervation of the heart...
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dermis in the face and neck derives from neuralcrest cells Late in the fourth week, the superior part of the neural tube bends ventrally as the cephalic...
positive regulation of telomere capping response to exogenous dsRNA cardiacneuralcrest cell development involved in heart development positive regulation...
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