Substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body
Questions that can be answered by biomarkers
A cancer biomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Genetic,[1] epigenetic,[2] proteomic,[3] glycomic,[4] and imaging biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. Ideally, such biomarkers can be assayed in non-invasively collected biofluids like blood or serum.[5]
Cancer is a disease that affects society at a world-wide level. By testing for biomarkers, early diagnosis can be given to prevent deaths.
While numerous challenges exist in translating biomarker research into the clinical space; a number of gene and protein based biomarkers have already been used at some point in patient care; including, AFP (liver cancer), BCR-ABL (chronic myeloid leukemia), BRCA1 / BRCA2 (breast/ovarian cancer), BRAF V600E (melanoma/colorectal cancer), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), CA19.9 (pancreatic cancer), CEA (colorectal cancer), EGFR (Non-small-cell lung carcinoma), HER-2 (Breast Cancer), KIT (gastrointestinal stromal tumor), PSA (prostate specific antigen) (prostate cancer), S100 (melanoma), and many others.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Mutant proteins themselves detected by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) have been reported to be the most specific biomarkers for cancers because they can only come from an existing tumor.[16] About 40% of cancers can be cured if detected early through examinations.[17]
^Calzone KA (May 2012). "Genetic biomarkers of cancer risk". Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 28 (2): 122–128. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2012.03.007. PMC 10433658. PMID 22542320.
^Herceg Z, Hainaut P (June 2007). "Genetic and epigenetic alterations as biomarkers for cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis". Molecular Oncology. 1 (1): 26–41. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2007.01.004. PMC 5543860. PMID 19383285.
^Li D, Chan DW (April 2014). "Proteomic cancer biomarkers from discovery to approval: it's worth the effort". Expert Review of Proteomics. 11 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1586/14789450.2014.897614. PMC 4079106. PMID 24646122.
^Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Toraño JS, Falcon-Perez JM, Williams C, Reichardt N, Boons GJ (2018). "Mass spectrometry for glycan biomarker discovery". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 100: 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.015.
^Mishra A, Verma M (March 2010). "Cancer biomarkers: are we ready for the prime time?". Cancers. 2 (1): 190–208. doi:10.3390/cancers2010190. PMC 3827599. PMID 24281040.
^Rhea J, Molinaro RJ (March 2011). "Cancer Biomarkers: Surviving the journey from bench to bedside". Medical Laboratory Observer. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
^Behne T, Copur MS (1 January 2012). "Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma". International Journal of Hepatology. 2012: 859076. doi:10.1155/2012/859076. PMC 3357951. PMID 22655201.
^Musolino A, Bella MA, Bortesi B, Michiara M, Naldi N, Zanelli P, et al. (June 2007). "BRCA mutations, molecular markers, and clinical variables in early-onset breast cancer: a population-based study". Breast. 16 (3): 280–292. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2006.12.003. hdl:11381/1629553. PMID 17257844.
^Dienstmann R, Tabernero J (March 2011). "BRAF as a target for cancer therapy". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (3): 285–295. doi:10.2174/187152011795347469. PMID 21426297.
^Lamparella N, Barochia A, Almokadem S (2013). "Impact of Genetic Markers on Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer". Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 779. pp. 145–164. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_6. ISBN 978-1-4614-6175-3. PMID 23288638.
^Orphanos G, Kountourakis P (2012). "Targeting the HER2 receptor in metastatic breast cancer". Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy. 5 (3): 127–137. doi:10.5144/1658-3876.2012.127. PMID 23095788.
^Deprimo SE, Huang X, Blackstein ME, Garrett CR, Harmon CS, Schöffski P, et al. (September 2009). "Circulating levels of soluble KIT serve as a biomarker for clinical outcome in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients receiving sunitinib following imatinib failure". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (18): 5869–5877. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2480. PMC 3500590. PMID 19737953.
^Bantis A, Grammaticos P (Sep–Dec 2012). "Prostatic specific antigen and bone scan in the diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer. Can diagnostic significance of PSA be increased?". Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 15 (3): 241–246. PMID 23227460.
^Kruijff S, Hoekstra HJ (April 2012). "The current status of S-100B as a biomarker in melanoma". European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 38 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2011.12.005. PMID 22240030.
^Ludwig JA, Weinstein JN (November 2005). "Biomarkers in cancer staging, prognosis and treatment selection". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 5 (11): 845–856. doi:10.1038/nrc1739. PMID 16239904. S2CID 25540232.
^Wang Q, Chaerkady R, Wu J, Hwang HJ, Papadopoulos N, Kopelovich L, et al. (February 2011). "Mutant proteins as cancer-specific biomarkers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (6): 2444–2449. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.2444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019203108. PMC 3038743. PMID 21248225.
^Li X, Ye M, Zhang W, Tan D, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Yang X, Guo Z (February 2019). "Liquid biopsy of circulating tumor DNA and biosensor applications". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 126: 596–607. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.037. PMID 30502682. S2CID 56479882.
A cancerbiomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be a molecule secreted by...
retrospective studies and using biomarkers to predict outcomes. For example, in metastatic colorectal cancer predictive biomarkers can serve as a way of evaluating...
more prevalent cancers, such as colon, breast, and cervical, have greatly improved in the past few decades from advances in biomarker identification and...
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the...
(2007). "A First-Degree Relative with Colorectal Cancer: What Are We Missing?". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 16 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1158/1055-9965...
"Role of neoadjuvant therapy in the management of pancreatic cancer: is the era of biomarker-directed therapy here?". Current Oncology. 21 (4): e650–7....
(January 2019). "Machine learning algorithms enhance the specificity of cancerbiomarker detection using SERS-based immunoassays in microfluidic chips". RSC...
Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty in...
"Theranostic Biomarkers". "Breast Cancer Hormone Receptor Status". American Cancer Society. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2024. "Breast Cancer HER2 Status"...
of lung cancer May 2019 Circulating tumor DNA: A new generation of cancerbiomarkers Feb 2014 ctDNA 'Liquid Biopsy' Could Revolutionize Cancer Care Nov...
the patient. Biomarker testing can help to determine the type of cancer, and indicate the best therapy. A number of experimental cancer treatments are...
patient's diagnosis. For example, a number of biomarkers are frequently used to determine risk of lung cancer. First, a simple lesion in the lung detected...
cancer susceptibility (see discussion above), XRCC4 could be used as a biomarker for cancer screening, particularly with respect to prostate cancer,...
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in a seminal paper published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Wild's concept was initially...
cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, melanoma and other cancers. Biomarkers are...
as the number of biomarkers was increased. With the best combination of biomarkers, the algorithms were able to screen prostate cancer patients with more...
is poor for low grade cancers and 10% cancers are still missed. Current guidelines do not recommended using urinary biomarkers for detection and surveillance...
and validate cancerbiomarkers in various defined cancer patient cohorts. The possibility to assemble a large number of representative cancer samples from...
Secretomics has thus been especially important in the discovery of biomarkers for cancer and understanding molecular basis of pathogenesis. The analysis...
"The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 15 (10): 1765–1777. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353...
Biomarker discovery is a medical term describing the process by which biomarkers are discovered. Many commonly used blood tests in medicine are biomarkers...
Connor, PhD (March 2014). "Chemotherapy: Biomarkers of Exposure, Effect, Reproductive Hazards, and Cancer". The Oncology Pharmacist. Archived from the...
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