Artemisinin (/ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːsɪnɪn/) and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum.[1] It was discovered in 1972 by Tu Youyou, who shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery.[2] Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are now standard treatment worldwide for P. falciparum malaria as well as malaria due to other species of Plasmodium.[3] Artemisinin is extracted from the plant Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) a herb employed in Chinese traditional medicine. A precursor compound can be produced using a genetically engineered yeast, which is much more efficient than using the plant.[4]
Artemisinin and its derivatives are all sesquiterpene lactones containing an unusual peroxide bridge. This endoperoxide 1,2,4-trioxane ring is responsible for their antimalarial properties. Few other natural compounds with such a peroxide bridge are known.[5]
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been used for the treatment of malarial and parasitic worm (helminth) infections. Advantages of such treatments over other anti-parasitics include faster parasite elimination and broader efficacy across the parasite life-cycle; disadvantages include their low bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and high cost.[6][7] Moreover, use of the drug by itself as a monotherapy is explicitly discouraged by the World Health Organization,[8] as there have been signs that malarial parasites are developing resistance to the drug. Combination therapies, featuring artemisinin or its derivatives alongside some other antimalarial drug, constitute the contemporary standard-of-care treatment regimen for malaria.[9]
^Wang J, Xu C, Wong YK, Li Y, Liao F, Jiang T, et al. (2019). "Artemisinin, the Magic Drug Discovered from Traditional Chinese Medicine". Engineering. 5 (1): 32–9. Bibcode:2019Engin...5...32W. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.011.
^Cite error: The named reference nobel-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^WHO 2015, pp. 9–11.
^Arsenault PR, Wobbe KK, Weathers PJ (2008). "Recent advances in artemisinin production through heterologous expression". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 15 (27): 2886–96. doi:10.2174/092986708786242813. PMC 2821817. PMID 18991643.
^Brown G (2006). "Artemisinin and a new generation of antimalarial drugs". Education in Chemistry. 43 (4). Royal Society of Chemistry: 97–9. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
^Whirl-Carrillo M, McDonagh EM, Hebert JM, Gong L, Sangkuhl K, Thorn CF, et al. (2012). "Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 92 (4): 414–7. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.96. PMC 3660037. PMID 22992668.
^"Development of Novel Antimalarials". MalariaWorld. September 6, 2010. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
^"WHO calls for an immediate halt to provision of single-drug artemisinin malaria pills". WHO. 19 January 2006. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006.
^Pelfrene E, Pinheiro MH, Cavaleri M (2015). "Artemisinin-based combination therapy in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria: review of recent regulatory experience at the European Medicines Agency". International Health. 7 (4): 239–46. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihv017. PMC 4492341. PMID 25855638.
Artemisinin (/ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːsɪnɪn/) and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum....
extract of A. annua, called artemisinin (or artesunate), is a medication used to treat malaria. Discovery of artemisinin and its antimalarial properties...
in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring artemisinin, a drug of last resort, where resistance has now been observed in Southeast...
of artemisinin (a potent antimalarial drug). It was observed that single amino acid mutations in PfATP6 could abolish sensitivity to artemisinin compounds...
and led to the development of a class of new antimalarial drugs called artemisinins. Launched during and lasting throughout the Cultural Revolution, Project...
Artemisinin drugs are effective and safe in treating uncomplicated malaria. Artemisinin in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination...
is a Chinese malariologist and pharmaceutical chemist. She discovered artemisinin (also known as qīnghāosù, 青蒿素) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat...
malaria. Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.) and is also available as a...
developing synthetic biology tools to engineer the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Keasling received his bachelor's degree at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln...
Organization (WHO) therefore recommends its use during pregnancy. It is in the artemisinin class of medication. Artemether has been studied since at least 1981...
therapeutic drugs, including chloroquine and artemisinins, were used to resist the scourge. Today, artemisinin is present in every remedy applied in the...
harm to the baby. Use is likely fine during breastfeeding. It is in the artemisinin class of medication. Artesunate was developed by Liu Xu in 1977. It is...
metabolites. The two most commonly known terpenoids are artemisinin and paclitaxel. Artemisinin was widely used in Traditional Chinese medicine and later...
into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua, a herb that was known in Chinese medicine...
about artemisinin production in Artemisia species, A. japonica had around average levels compared to other species (0.05% to 0.15% artemisinin). It also...
into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua herb, a herb that was known in Chinese...
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistant a few decades ago, and as of 2012 artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in western Cambodia and western...
out of use as a monotherapy, and is instead used as a partner drug for artemisinin combination therapy. Piperaquine kills parasites by disrupting the detoxification...
under Chairman Mao Zedong. The project resulted in the discovery of artemisinins, a class of antimalarial drugs, from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua...
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