This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Secondary metabolite" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs.[2]
The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, the 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology.[3] 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary metabolites as end products of nitrogen metabolism.[4]
Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Usually, secondary metabolites are confined to a specific lineage or even species,[5] though there is considerable evidence that horizontal transfer across species or genera of entire pathways plays an important role in bacterial (and, likely, fungal) evolution.[6] Research also shows that secondary metabolism can affect different species in varying ways. In the same forest, four separate species of arboreal marsupial folivores reacted differently to a secondary metabolite in eucalypts.[7] This shows that differing types of secondary metabolites can be the split between two herbivore ecological niches.[7] Additionally, certain species evolve to resist secondary metabolites and even use them for their own benefit. For example, monarch butterflies have evolved to be able to eat milkweed (Asclepias) despite the presence of toxic cardiac glycosides.[8] The butterflies are not only resistant to the toxins, but are actually able to benefit by actively sequestering them, which can lead to the deterrence of predators.[8]
^Návarová H, Bernsdorff F, Döring AC, Zeier J (2012). "Pipecolic acid, any endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming, is a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity". Plant Cell. 24 (12): 5123–41. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.103564. PMC 3556979. PMID 23221596.
^Jones ME (September 1953). "Albrecht Kossel, a biographical sketch". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 26 (1): 80–97. PMC 2599350. PMID 13103145.
^Bourgaud F, Gravot A, Milesi S, Gontier E (1 October 2001). "Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective". Plant Science. 161 (5): 839–851. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00490-3.
^Pichersky E, Gang DR (October 2000). "Genetics and biochemistry of secondary metabolites in plants: an evolutionary perspective". Trends in Plant Science. 5 (10): 439–45. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01741-6. PMID 11044721.
^Juhas M, van der Meer JR, Gaillard M, Harding RM, Hood DW, Crook DW (March 2009). "Genomic islands: tools of bacterial horizontal gene transfer and evolution". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 33 (2): 376–93. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00136.x. PMC 2704930. PMID 19178566.
^ abJensen LM, Wallis IR, Marsh KJ, Moore BD, Wiggins NL, Foley WJ (September 2014). "Four species of arboreal folivore show differential tolerance to a secondary metabolite". Oecologia. 176 (1): 251–8. Bibcode:2014Oecol.176..251J. doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2997-4. PMID 24974269. S2CID 18888324.
^ abCroteau R, Kutchan TM, Lewis NG (2012-07-03). "Chapter 24: Natural products (secondary metabolites)". In Civjan N (ed.). Natural products in chemical biology. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. pp. 1250–1319. ISBN 978-1-118-10117-9.
and 29 Related for: Secondary metabolite information
Secondarymetabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform...
primary metabolite produced large-scale by industrial microbiology. A secondarymetabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important...
primary and secondary metabolism. Biology portal Metabolism MetaboliteSecondarymetabolite Antimetabolite Metabolic control analysis, a specific kind...
the passaging of fluids to organs. In A. fumigatus specifically, secondarymetabolites have been found to inhibit the development of new blood vessels...
of secondary metabolism. Within the field of medicinal chemistry, the definition is often further restricted to secondarymetabolites. Secondary metabolites...
small-molecule (<1.5 kDa) metabolites (such as metabolic intermediates, hormones and other signaling molecules, and secondarymetabolites) to be found within...
secondary plant metabolites but did not give real insight into the actual function of the secondary plant metabolites. The study of plant metabolites...
oryzae is a good choice as a secondarymetabolite factory because of its relatively few endogenous secondarymetabolites. Transformed types can produce:...
sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondarymetabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition...
biotechnological significance due to their production of novel secondarymetabolites which can be used pharmaceutically. There are nine known species...
reproduction. A secondarymetabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function. Secondarymetabolites may include...
has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an alpha-CH2-containing...
Penicillium rubens. The fermentation process produces penicillin as a secondarymetabolite when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. The biosynthetic...
and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondarymetabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial...
the fermentation. For instance, some cultures will not produce secondarymetabolites in the presence of phosphate. Growth factors and trace nutrients...
novel drugs. These secondarymetabolites, however, are often only present in trace amounts, with the only methods to use these metabolites as therapeutics...
μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous") is a toxic secondarymetabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in...
evidence indicates that most strains are capable of producing harmful secondarymetabolites (alkaloids and other mycotoxins) under certain growth conditions...
with more secondarymetabolites increases its survival or reproductive success compared to other plants in its vicinity. Secondarymetabolite production...
Catechin /ˈkætɪtʃɪn/ is a flavan-3-ol, a type of secondarymetabolite providing antioxidant roles in plants. It belongs to the subgroup of polyphenols...
temperature regimes, extracellular enzyme activity profiles, and secondarymetabolite patterns. The earliest synonym of W. sebi recorded is Torula epizoa...
and Chinese culture. Naphthoquinone derivatives are an example of secondarymetabolite with important pharmaceutical potentials produced by O. unilateralis...
group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondarymetabolite in some plants including species of Berberis, from which its name...
Diospyros blancoi, (synonym Diospyros discolor), commonly known as velvet apple, velvet persimmon, kamagong, or mabolo tree, is a tree of the genus Diospyros...
Crepis, commonly known in some parts of the world as hawksbeard or hawk's-beard (but not to be confused with the related genus Hieracium with a similar...
Celtis australis, the European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, lote tree, or honeyberry, is a deciduous tree native to Southern Europe, North Africa...
Gambierdiscus toxicus is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup. It is a dinoflagellate...
Prodigiosin is a secondarymetabolite of Serratia marcescens. Because it is easy to detect, it has been used as a model system to study secondary metabolism...
modifications are responsible for A. niger's robust production of secondarymetabolites. A. niger's capability to withstand extremely acidic conditions...