Ketoconazole, sold under the brand name Nizoral among others, is an antiandrogen, antifungal, and antiglucocorticoid medication used to treat a number of fungal infections.[11] Applied to the skin it is used for fungal skin infections such as tinea, cutaneous candidiasis, pityriasis versicolor, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis.[12] Taken by mouth it is a less preferred option and only recommended for severe infections when other agents cannot be used.[11] Other uses include treatment of excessive male-patterned hair growth in women and Cushing's syndrome.[11]
Common side effects when applied to the skin include redness.[12] Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea, headache, and liver problems.[11] Liver problems may result in death or the need for a liver transplantation.[11][13] Other severe side effects when taken by mouth include QT prolongation, adrenocortical insufficiency, and anaphylaxis.[11][13] It is an imidazole and works by hindering the production of ergosterol required for the fungal cell membrane, thereby slowing growth.[11]
Ketoconazole was patented in 1977 by Belgian pharmaceutical company Janssen, and came into medical use in 1981.[14] It is available as a generic medication and formulations that are applied to the skin are over the counter in the United Kingdom.[12] In 2021, it was the 161st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.[15][16] The formulation that is taken by mouth was withdrawn in the European Union and in Australia in 2013,[17][18] and in China in 2015.[19] In addition, its use was restricted in the United States and Canada in 2013.[18]
^"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^"Ketoconazole HRA 200mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 18 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^"Ketoconazole 2% w/w Shampoo - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference Ketoconazole tablet label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Ketoconazole HRA EPAR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Millikan2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ab"Assessment report: Ketoconazole HRA" (PDF). European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
^Arakaki R, Welles B (February 2010). "Ketoconazole enantiomer for the treatment of diabetes mellitus". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 19 (2): 185–94. doi:10.1517/13543780903381411. PMID 20047506. S2CID 26531459.
^ abcdefg"Ketoconazole Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ abcBritish national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 1198. ISBN 9780857113382.
^ ab"FDA limits usage of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets due to potentially fatal liver injury and risk of drug interactions and adrenal gland problems". FDA Drug Safety Communication. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 503. ISBN 9783527607495.
^"The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^"Ketoconazole - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^"Oral ketoconazole (Nizoral) 200 mg tablets". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ abGupta AK, Lyons DC (2015). "The Rise and Fall of Oral Ketoconazole". Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 19 (4): 352–7. doi:10.1177/1203475415574970. PMID 25775613. S2CID 206695486.
^"国家食品药品监督管理总局关于停止生产销售使用酮康唑口服制剂的公告（2015年第85号）" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Ketoconazole, sold under the brand name Nizoral among others, is an antiandrogen, antifungal, and antiglucocorticoid medication used to treat a number...
treatment to ketoconazole, as it suppresses growth of the yeast Malassezia furfur. Initial results show similar efficacy to ketoconazole with a relative...
symptoms. There is no known cure for dandruff. Antifungal cream, such as ketoconazole, or the keratolytic agent salicylic acid may be used to try to improve...
Common examples of azole antifungals include clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and tioconazole. The only polyene antifungal available topically...
Specifically, ketoconazole or ciclopirox are effective. Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp is often treated with shampoo preparations of ketoconazole or zinc...
worldwide. In 2007 it was investigated as an alternative treatment to ketoconazole for seborrhoeic dermatitis as it suppresses growth of the yeast Malassezia...
2021. Levoketoconazole is the levorotatory or (2S,4R) enantiomer of ketoconazole, and it is an inhibitor of the enzymes CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase), CYP17A1...
shown to interact with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir and ketoconazole. Coadministration of ritonavir and fluticasone may lead to increased...
irritation. A doctor may instead prescribe an antifungal soap such as ketoconazole (2%) shampoo, which can work in a single treatment and shows significantly...
problems. Substances that act as inhibitors of the CYP3A4 enzyme such as ketoconazole, erythromycin, cimetidine, and furanocoumarin derivatives (found in grapefruit)...
common route to handle a fungal infection. An example is the use of ketoconazole to treat coccidioidomycosis. Like the oral route, this will reach the...
include topical agents such as miconazole, terbinafine, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, or tolnaftate applied twice daily until symptoms resolve — usually within...
or as a PPI. PPIs reduce absorption of antifungals (itraconazole and ketoconazole) and possibly increase digoxin in plasma Increases plasma concentrations...
phospholipid chains with surfactant properties. The ethosomal formulation of ketoconazole using phospholipids is a promising option for transdermal delivery in...
immature blood–brain barrier. In healthy volunteers, the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased the Cmax and AUC concentrations of domperidone by 3- to 10-fold...
structure and properties are similar to other azole fungicides such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole. It is most commonly found as an active...
ergosterol. In addition to its antifungal actions, miconazole, similarly to ketoconazole, is known to act as an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. After...
required. The over-the-counter options include tolnaftate, as well as ketoconazole (available as Nizoral shampoo that can be applied topically).[citation...
continuous leaching from boat paint may cause environmental toxicity. Ketoconazole, another antifungal agent used in shampoos Piroctone olamine, another...
and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Combinations of finasteride, minoxidil and ketoconazole are more effective than individual use. Combination therapy of LLLT or...
people with moderate to severe dandruff and compared treatment with 2% ketoconazole shampoo (n=97), 2.5% selenium disulfide shampoo (n=100), and placebo...
therefore reduce its effectiveness. Conversely, CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole and itraconazole can increase its concentrations in the body and the...
other PPIs. Drugs that depend on an acidic stomach environment (such as ketoconazole or atazanavir) may be poorly absorbed, whereas acid-labile antibiotics...
unchanged via the feces (80%) and urine (11–12%). Taking erythromycin or ketoconazole while taking fexofenadine does increase the plasma levels of fexofenadine...
or keto group, the functional group in the chemical compounds ketones Ketoconazole, a medication with antifungal and testosterone-inhibiting properties...
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