This article is about the phonology of Modern Standard Arabic primarily, with some notes on the phonologies of regional dialects. For a more detailed treatment of the phonologies of regional dialects, see Varieties of Arabic. For the phonology of the medieval language, see Classical Arabic § Phonology.
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Arabic for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA/Arabic.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties.[1] This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.[2]
Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes. All phonemes contrast between "emphatic" (pharyngealized) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels.[3]
many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of...
about the phonology of Egyptian Arabic, also known as Cairene Arabic or Masri. It deals with the phonology and phonetics of Egyptian Arabic as well as...
Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (Arabic: العربية الفصحى التراثية, romanized: al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā at-Turāthīyah, lit. 'the most eloquent classic Arabic')...
see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonological system of the Hejazi Arabic consists of approximately 26 to 28 native consonant phonemes...
'Segoe UI', Tahoma; } . This article is about the phonology of Levantine Arabic also known as Shāmi Arabic, and its sub-dialects. The table below shows the...
Arabic becomes دبش dbaš and my stuff in Tunisian Arabic becomes دبشي dabšī. Stress is not phonologically distinctive and is determined by the word's syllable...
not Standard Arabic. These Arabic chat alphabets also differ from each other, as each is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being...
territories where Arabic is an official language A Dictionary of Modern Written ArabicArabic–English Lexicon Diglossia Arabicphonology Help:IPA/Arabic Pluricentric...
dialects use Tunisian phonology. Indeed, northwestern and southwestern Tunisians speak Tunisian with Algerian Arabicphonology, which tends to simplify...
sun letters represent the coronal consonants according to the phonology of Classical Arabic, and the moon letters represent all others. The sun and moon...
Alexander (1985). Cypriot Arabic: A Historical and Comparative Investigation into the Phonology and Morphology of the Arabic Vernacular Spoken by the Maronites...
doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-824137-2 Wikimedia...
varieties of Arabic, has been heavily influenced by Cypriot Greek, with respect to its syntax, vocabulary and, particularly, phonology: it has lost all...
concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles Arabicphonology and varieties of Arabic. The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as...
in Judeo-Arabic—Arabic written in Hebrew script. Ibn Jinni of Mosul, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology...
characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabicphonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the [p] sound)...
those of Standard Arabic and spellings closer to the phonology of Egyptian Arabic. This variability arises from the deficiency of the Arabic script for writing...
Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on...
Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, AZ: University of...
Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on...
1017/s0025100300006162. S2CID 241094214. Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-824137-9...
(2008:109) Grønnum (2003:121) Basbøll (2005:59, 63) Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, OUP Oxford, ISBN 0-19-824268-9 Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri...
133–154. Bekker (2008), pp. 83–84. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool...
and Phonology. Macquarie University. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. The...
doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo;...
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford...
Ibn Jinni of Mosul, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as Kitāb Al-Munṣif...
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