Distinction between two groups of Arabic consonants
In this article, the Arabic alphabet is transliterated according to ALA-LC romanization.
"Moon letter" redirects here. For the adaptation of the Roman alphabet into tactile form, see Moon type.
Sun letters (red) and moon letters (black)
In Arabic and Maltese, the consonants are divided into two groups, called the sun letters or solar letters (Arabic: حروف شمسيةḥurūf shamsiyyah, Maltese: konsonanti xemxin) and moon letters or lunar letters (Arabic: حروف قمريةḥurūf qamariyyah, Maltese: konsonanti qamrin), based on whether they assimilate the letter lām (ﻝl)[1] of a preceding Arabic definite article al- (الـ), which is an important general rule used in Arabic grammar. Phonetically, sun letters are ones pronounced as coronal consonants, and moon letters are ones pronounced as other consonants.
These names come from the fact that the word for 'the Sun', al-shams, pronounced ash-shams, assimilates the lām, while the word for 'the Moon', al-qamar, does not. This also applies to the Maltese language where they are written as ix-xemx and il-qamar.
^Abboud, Peter F.; et al. (1983). Elementary Modern Standard Arabic 1. Cambridge UP. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-521-27295-5.
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