Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).[1] Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and can reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease.[2] There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.
Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered.[3] The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets.[4] As of 2018, the best available evidence favors low-dose thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary.[5] Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.[6]
^Antihypertensive+Agents at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^Law M, Wald N, Morris J (2003). "Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy". Health Technology Assessment. 7 (31): 1–94. doi:10.3310/hta7310. PMID 14604498.
^Nelson M. "Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure". Australian Prescriber (33): 108–112. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
^Nelson MR, McNeil JJ, Peeters A, Reid CM, Krum H (June 2001). "PBS/RPBS cost implications of trends and guideline recommendations in the pharmacological management of hypertension in Australia, 1994-1998". The Medical Journal of Australia. 174 (11): 565–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143436.x. PMID 11453328. S2CID 204078909.
^Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R (April 2018). Wright JM (ed.). "First-line drugs for hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (4): CD001841. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3. PMC 6513559. PMID 29667175.
^"Hypertension: Management of hypertension in adults in primary care | Guidance | NICE" (PDF). 28 June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2012-01-09., p19
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